Umar ibn al-Khattab (Arabic: عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب; c. 583 – November 644) was the second caliph, ruling from August 634 until his assassination in November 644. A prominent companion and father-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad, Umar succeeded Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as the second caliph. Born into the Banu Adi, Umar initially opposed Muhammad, his distant Qurayshite kinsman and later son-in-law.

Ayatollah Sayyid Muhammad-Kadhim al-Musawi al-Qazwini (Arabic: محمد كاظم الموسوي القزويني; Persian: محمد كاظم موسوى قزوينى; March 13, 1930 – November 17, 1994) was an Iraqi Shia scholar, poet and orator of Iranian descent. He was born in Karbala, Iraq and died in Qom, Iran.