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The fastest way to perform the Qadha prayers is to recite the obligatory parts of Salah only with out any recommended part. Starting the Qadha prayer with intention in the heart only and no Azaan and no Iqamah but only Takbiratul Ehram then reciting Sura Al-Hamd and short Sura, then Rokoo' with Subhana Rabbial Adheem, then Sojood with Subhana Rabbial A'la. 
Wassalam.

Yes, because Salah is invalid before its time. If you are sure that the whole Salah was before the time, not part of it, then it should be repeated. If part of the Salah was before and part inside the time then many Ulama say that it can be valid.

Wassalam.

If the eldest son is unable for health reasons to keep the Qadha fast of his deceased father, any of his brothers or sisters can do that. If he has no brothers or sisters and has no money to pay for someone to do that, he should recite Estighfaar.

Wassalam.

Bismillah

Thank you for your question. In normal circumstances, the magrib prayer becomes qadah at midnight (according to Ayatullah's Sistani's fatawa), so there is no reason to make the intention of qadah at 10pm unless that was past midnight.

May you always be successful