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26 Questions

Bismillah

Thank you for your question. It is not obligatory to recite the tashahud loudly in prayers.

May you always be successful 

Azan is recommended while Tashahhud is obligatory. Tashahhud is part and parcel of Namaz and if Tashahhud is wrongly said, Namaz will be void and invalid.

Tashahhud was taught to us by the Proohet Muhammad (SAWA) and Ahlul Bayt (AS) with ordering us to (Pray as you saw me praying) صلّوا كما رأيتموني أصلّي

Imam Jafar Al-Sadiq (AS) explained to one of his students; Hammad Ibn Easa all the steps of Namaz including Tashahhud ( ASHHADU ANLA ELAAHA ILLALLAH WAHDAHU LAA SHAREEKA LAH WA ASHHADU ANNA MUHAMMADAN ABDUHU WA RASOOLUH ALLAHUMMA SALLI 'ALA MUHAMMAD WA AALI MUHAMMAD  as we read it in al-Kaafi, 3/311. 

We are not allowed to add to Tashahhud but we are allowed to pray any prayers as supplication after Tashahhud including the names of the Infallible Imams like ALLAHUMMA SALLI 'ALA AMEERIL MO'MINEEN.

Wassalam.

No. We don't have any authentic evidence that the Prophet Muhammad (SAWA) or any of his holy Progeny Ahlul Bayt (As) moved index finger during Tashahhud in prayers.

None of the authentic Hadeeths suggest that.

'Wassalam.

Bismihi ta'ala

The dhikr that should be recited in sajdatay al-sahw are:

بِسْمِ اللهِ وَ بِاللهِ، اَلسَّلَامُ عَلَیْكَ أَيُّـهَا النَّبِيُّ وَ رَحْمَةُ اللهِ وَ بَـرَکَاتُهُ

bismillāhi wa billāhi, assalāmu ʿalayka ayyuhan nabiyyu wa raḥmatullāhi wa barakātuh.
In the name of Allah and by Allah. Peace be upon you O Prophet, and Allah’s mercy and His blessings (be upon you too).

I also have a tutorial that could be of benefit as well:

And Allah knows best.