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Imam Hussain (AS) wanted sincere eye witnesses to tell people after his martyrdom what really happened in Karbala keeping in mind the falsehood which Yazeed and his gang were intending to spread among Muslims against Imam Hussain (AS). Mo'awiyah, father of Yazeed, spread rumors among people in Syria that Ali does not pray Namaz, that is why when the news reached Shaam that Imam Ali (AS) was martyred inside the Masjid of Kufa, people of Shaam started asking: What Ali was doing in the Masjid when he does not pray Namaz?

Yazeed and his gang wanted to fabricate stories against Imam Hussain (AS) to mislead people away from Ahlul Bayt (AS). Imam Hussain (AS) took his family members with him knowing what will happen to him and them, to make them witness and convey the message to all Muslims after him.

The great rule of Lady Zainab and Lady Um Kolthoum after Karbala shows how it was necessary to have eye witnesses to inform Muslim generations and refute the false propaganda of Yazeed.

The sufferings of the family of Imam Hussain (AS) was mentioned by him as narrated when he replied those who asked him why to take his family members: Allah has ordained to see me martyred and see my family members captured شاء الله أن يراني قتيلا ويراهنّ سبايا

Wassalam.

Recommended fast can be broken any time. It is recommended to eat or drink if a Mo'min invite you while your fasting a recommended fast with out telling him that you are fasting.

No need for permission of parents in recommended fast nor in other recommended worship. 

Wassalam.

Yes it is allowed for woman to take a bath at night, without any difference with man. It might be a cultural reason in some places behind this question.

Wassalam.

To my knowledge, there are no hadith (addressed to either men or women) which discuss choosing between marriage and career (or marriage and studies), although there were both men and women with skilled professions among the sahabah (according to the professions of their society such as healing or craftsmanship). Perhaps it wasn't seen as something that one chooses between. That is, it was assumed that most people would marry and some people would also do other things. 

Although people have had professions and vocations for a long time, it seems that the modern idea of career began a hundred or two years ago, after the Industrial Revolution. 

Similarly, the idea that large numbers of people should invest a large portion of one's life in full-time studies in an institution, while doing little else, is also quite recent. So, the circumstances we have today are different from those in the time of the hadith.