Bahira (Arabic: بحيرى‎, Classical Syriac: ܒܚܝܪܐ‎), or Sergius the Monk to the Latin West, was an Arab Ebionite, Nestorian or possibly Gnostic Nasorean monk who, according to Islamic tradition, foretold to the adolescent Muhammad his future as a prophet. His name derives from the Syriac bḥīrā, meaning “tested (by God) and approved”.

Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī or Fakhruddin Razi (Persian: فخر الدين رازي‎) was an Iranian Sunni Muslim theologian and philosopher He was born in 1149 in Rey (in modern-day Iran), and died in 1209 in Herat (in modern-day Afghanistan). He also wrote on medicine, physics, astronomy, literature, history and law. He left a very rich corpus of philosophical and theological works that reveals influence from the works of Ibn Sīnā, Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī and al-Ghazali.