Elementary Arabic Morphology 2

Sub Title:

(Mabādī Al-‛Arabīyyah)

A study of Arabic Morphology volume 2. Translated by Hamid Hussein Waqar.

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The Definition of Morphology

1. What is morphology?

2. How many kinds of words are there?

3. Is morphology applied to every kind of word?

4. What is the changing of a word from one form to another called?

5. How is morphology applied to verbs?

6. How is morphology applied to nouns?

1. Morphology is science of conjugating words into different forms due to the intended meaning.

2. There are three types of words:
• Nouns: for example - شجرة(tree)

• Verbs: for example - اُکتُب(write)

• Prepositions: for example - علی(on)

3. Morphology is only applied to nouns and verbs because they are able to be conjugated into different forms, but prepositions are not able to be conjugated, rather they always remain in one form.

4. The changing of a word from one form to another is called conjugation.

5. Morphology is applied to verbs by conjugating them from the preterite tense, to the aorist tense, and to the imperative. For example: فَرِحَ یَفرَحُ اِفرَح(be happy, he is happy, he was happy)

6. Morphology is applied to nouns by conjugating them:

• into the dual and plural forms: نهر نهرانِ أنهار(rivers, two rivers, a river)

• into the diminutive pattern: نُهَیر(a small river)

• into a possessive noun form: نَهرِﻱّ (a person of the river)

The Division of Verbs

7. What is a verb?

8. How many different kinds of verbs are there in relation to the number of root letters?

9. How many kinds of triliteral verbs are there in relation to root letters?

10. What is a sound verb?

11. What is a perfect verb?

12. What is an unsound verb?

13. How many weak letters are there?

14. What are double-letter verbs?

7. A verb is a word that indicates a state or event that occurred in the past, occurs in the present, or will occur in the future. For example: حَسُنَ(he was good) - in the past and یأخُذُ(he takes) - in the present or future.

8. There are two kinds of verbs in relation to root letters:

• Triliteral: a verb made up of three root letters, for example نَصَرَ (he helped)

• Quadriliteral: a verb made up of four root letters, for example دَحرَجَ (he rolled)

9. There are two types of triliteral verbs in relation to root letters: sound and unsound.

10. A sound verb is a verb that does not have any weak letters in its root. There are three kinds of sound verbs: a verb with a glottal stop in its root and a double-letter verb. For example: فَرَّ (he ran away).

11. A perfect verb is a sound verb that does not have a glottal stop or double-letter in its root. For example: شَکَرَ (he thanked).

12. An unsound verb is a verb that has a weak letter in its root. For example: رَمَیَ (he threw).

13. There are three weak letters: alif, wāw and yā'.

14. A double-letter verb is a verb that has two identical letters in its root. For example: زَلزَلَ (it quaked).

Sound and Unsound

15. What is the form for a triliteral verb?

16. What is a double-letter verb?

17. What is a verb with a glottal stop in its root?

18. How many kinds of verbs with a glottal stop in its root are there?

19. How many kinds of unsound verbs are there?

20. What is a verb that has two weak letters called?

21. When is a verb truly unsound or doubled? Or when does it truly have a glottal stop?

15. The form of a triliteral verb is: فَعَلَ. The first letter is called the first root letter, the second is called the second root letter and the third is called the third root letter.

16. A double-letter verb is a verb that has two identical letters in its root. For example: فَرَّ(he ran away).

17. A verb that has a glottal stop is a verb that has a glottal stop in its root. For example: أکَلَ(he ate).

18. There are three types of verbs that have a glottal stop in their root:

• Glottal stop of the first root letter: أخَذَ(he took)

• Glottal stop of the second root letter: سَألَ(he asked)

• Glottal stop of the third root letter: نَشَأ(he emerged)

19. There are three types of weak verbs:

• Quasi-sound verb: when the weak letter is in the first root letter: وَعَدَ (he promised)

• Hollow verb: when the weak letter is in the second root letter: قَالَ(he said)

• Defective verb: when the weak letter is in the third root letter: دَعَا(he supplicated)

20. A verb that has two weak letters is called a cluster verb. There are two kinds of cluster verbs:

• A cluster verb that has a weak letter in the first and third root letters. For example: وَفَی(he completed)

• A cluster verb that has a weak letter in the second and third root letters. For example: شَوی(it roasted)

21. A verb truly has a glottal stop or is truly a double-letter verb when the glottal stop or the two identical letters are in the root of the verb, not including added letters. So:

• انطَلَقَ this verb does not have a glottal stop because its root is طلق.

• قَدَّمَ this verb is not a double-letter verb because its root is قدم.

• قاتَلَ This verb is not an unsound verb because its root is قتل.

Triliteral Verbs with Increase letters

22. What is a singular triliteral verb?

23. What is a triliteral verb with increase letters?

24. How many forms does a triliteral verb with one increase letter have?

25. How many forms does a triliteral verb with two increase letters have?

26. How many forms does a triliteral verb with three increase letters have?

27. How many forms of triliteral verbs with increase letters are there?

28. Are all the forms of triliteral verbs with increase letters applied to all triliteral verbs?

22. A singular triliteral verb is a triliteral verb that only has its root letters, without any increase letters. For example عَرَفَ(he knew).

23. A triliteral verb with increase letters is a triliteral verb that has added letters to its root:

• Either one added letter: for example: أکرَمَ(he honored).

• Or two added letters: for example: اِنطَلَقَ(he was set free).

• Or three added letters: for example: اِستَغفَرَ (he asked for forgiveness).

24. There are three forms of triliteral verbs that have one increase letter:

• فَعَّلَ This is form II1. Here the second root letter is doubled. For example: خَبَرَ (he notified)

• فاعَلَ This is form III. Here an alif is added to the root. For example: خابَرَ (he negotiated)

• أفعَلََ This is form IV. Here a glottal stop is added to the beginning of the root. For example: أخبَرَ(he notified)

25. There are five forms of triliteral verbs that have two increase letters:

• تَفَعَّلَ This is form V. Here a tā' is added and the second root letter is doubled. For example: تَقَبَّلَ (he accepted)

• تَفاعَلَ This is form VI. Here a tā' and an alif are added. For example تَقابَلَ (he met)

• اِنفَعَلَ This is form VII. Here a glottal stop and a nūn are added. For example: اِنقَبَلَ (it was accepted)

• اِفتَعَلَ This is form VIII. Here a glottal stop and a tā' are added. For example: اِقتَبَلَ (he received)

• اِفعَلَّ This is form IX. Here a glottal stop is added and the last root letter is doubled. For example: اِحمَرَّ (he become red)

26. There are two forms of triliteral verbs that have two increase letters:

• اِستَفعَلَ This is form X. Here a glottal stop, sīn and tā' are added. For example: اِستَغفَرَ (he asked for forgiveness)

• اِفعَوعَلَ This is form XII2. Here a glottal stop and a wāw are added along with another second root letter. For example: اِحدَودَبَ (It was bent outward)

27. There are ten forms of triliteral verbs with increase letters.3

28. No, in order to know which forms are applied to which verbs one must refer to dictionaries. For example form IV and XII are not applied to the verb فَتَحَ

- 1. The number of the forms is according to the Hans Wehr dictionary. They can be found on page 13 of the introduction of the compact version of the internationally recognized fourth edition.

- 2. Form XI is not mentioned in this book

- 3. Mentioned in this book, for there are more than that.

Quadriliteral Verbs with Increase Letters

29. How many types of quadriliteral verbs are there?

30. Does the quadriliteral verb have a pattern like the triliteral verb?
31. What is a singular quadriliteral verb?

32. What is a quadriliteral verb with increase letters?

33. How many forms does a quadriliteral verb with one increase letter have?

34. How many forms does a quadriliteral verb with two increase letters have?

35. How many forms of quadriliteral verbs with increase letters are there?

36. Are all the forms of quadriliteral verbs with increase letters applied to all quadrilteral verbs?

29. There are two types of quadriliteral verbs:

• Regular: when there aren't any doubled letters in its root. For example: دَحرَجَ (he rolled)

• Double-lettered: when the first and third root letters are identical as well as the second and fourth. For example زَلزَلَ (it quaked)

30. The pattern for the quadriliteral verb is فعلل. The first letter is called the first root letter, then the second root letter, then the third root letter then the fourth root letter.

31. A single quadriliteral verb is a qaudriliteral verb that does not have any increase letters. For example: دَحرَجَ (he rolled)

32. A quadriliteral verb with increase letters is a quadriliteral verb that has one or two letters added to its root.

33. There is one form of a quadriliteral verb with one increase letter:

• تَفَعلَلَ This is form II. Here a tā' is added to the root. For example: تَدَحرَجَ (he rolled down)

34. There are two forms of a quadriliteral verb with two increase letters:
• اِفعَنلَلَ This is form III. Here a glottal stop and a nūn are added. For example اِحرَنجَمَ (translate)

• اِفعَلَلَّ This is form IV. Here a glottal stop is added and the fourth root letter is doubled. For example: اِقشَعَرَّ (he shivered)

35. There are three forms of quadriliteral verbs with increase letters.1

36. No, to know which forms are applied to which verbs one must refer to dictionaries. For example forms III and IV forms are not applied to the verb دَحرَجَ.

- 1. Mentioned in this book, for there are more.

The Preterite Tense Verb

37. How many tenses of verbs are there?

38. What is a preterite tense verb?

39. What is the vowel sign of the last syllable of a preterite tense verb?

40. What do you know about a glottal stop being added to the beginning of the preterite tense verb?

41. What are the vowel signs of the preterite tense letters?

42. What is the vowel sign of the second root letter of a triliteral verb?

37. There are three tenses of a verb: preterite, aorist, imperative.

38. The preterite tense is a verb that indicates a state or action that happened in the past. For example: أخَذَ(he took)

39. The last syllable of a preterite tense verb is indeclinable on:

• A fathah, for example ضَرَبَ (he hit)

• A Dummah, if it is connected to the wāw plural pronoun, for example ضَرَبُوا (they hit)

• A sakūn, if a nominative pronoun with a vowel sign is connected to the verb, for example ضَرَبتُ (I hit)

40. The glottal stop that is added to the beginning of the perterite tense verbs can be:

• A qat‛ glottal stop which takes a fathah in four-letter verbs. For example: أکرَمَ(he honored)

• A wasl glottal stop which takes a kasrah in five and six-letter verbs. For example: اِنطَلَقَ (he was set free)

41. All of the vowel signs of the perterite tense verb, except the second root letter are fathahs. For example أکرَمَ (he honored).

42. The second root letter of single triliteral verbs can either have a fathah, dummah or kasrah. For example: ضَرَبَ (he hit) کَرُمَ (he honored) and عَلِمَ (he knew)

The Aorist Tense

43. What is an aorist tense verb?

44. How is an aorist tense verb formed?

45. How many aorist tense letters are there?

46. When does the aorist tense letter have dummah?

47. When does the aorist tense letter have a fathah?

48. Is the form of a triliteral preterite tense verb changed if an aorist letter is added to it?

49. What happens if an aorist letter is added to a preterite tense verb with more than three letters?

50. Is an aorist tense verb indeclinable?

43. The aorist tense is a verb that indicates a state or action that is happening in the present or will happen in the future. For example یَکُونُ (he is) and یَتَکَلَّمُ (he speaks to).
44. The aorist tense verb is formed from the preterite tense verb. An aorist letter is added to the beginning of the preterite tense verb.

45. There are four aorist tense letters: ا ن ﻱ ت For example أتَکَلَّمُ(I am speaking to) نَتَکَلَّمُ (we are speaking to) یَتَکَلَّمُ (he is speaking to) تَتَکَلَّمُ (she is speaking to).

46. The aorist tense letter has a dummah if it is added to a preterite tense verb with four letters. For example زَلزَلَ becomes یُزَلزَلُ (its shaking) or أکرَمَ becomes یُکرِمُ (he is honoring).

47. The aorist tense letter has a fathah if it is added to a preterite tense verb with three, five or six letters. For example ضَرَبَ becomes یَضرِبُ (he is hitting) or اِنطَلَقَ becomes یَنطَلِقُ (he is setting free).

48. If an aorist tense letter is added to a preterite tense triliteral verb:

• the first root letter is given a sakūn, for example: یَضرِبُ (he hits)

• there is no rule for the second root letter, for example: یَعلَمُ (he knows) یَنصُرُ (he helps) یَضرِبُ (he hits)

49. If an aorist letter is added to a preterite tense with more than three letters:

• The letter before the last is always given a kasrah, for example: یُدَحرِجُ (he rolls)

• The letters before the last letter are given a fathah if the beginning of the preterite tense verb was tā', for example: تَدَحرَجَ becomes یَتَدَحرَجُ (he rolls down).

50. The last letter of an aorist tense verb is declinable, which means it changes. It is nominative, subjunctive or jussive due to different situations. For example: یَضرِبُ (he hits) and لَن یَضرِبَ (he will never hit) and لَم یَنطَلَق (he has not been set free). The last letter of an aorist tense verb is indeclinable in some cases. 1

- 1. Refer to question number 237

The Imperative

51. What is an imperative?

52. What is an imperative formed from?

53. Is the last syllable of an imperative declinable or indeclinable?

54. What vowel sign does the glottal stop of an imperative receive?

55. What is a wasl glottal stop?

56. What is a qat‛ glottal stop?

57. What should be done if the speaker wants to use the imperative in the first or third person?

51. The imperative verb is used to ask something from the listener in the present or in the future. For example: کُن (be) and اُکتُب (write)

52. The imperative is formed from the aorist tense by:

• erasing the aorist letter from the beginning of the word, for example: تَتَقَدَّمُ becomes تَقَدَّم (precede)

• then, adding a glottal stop if the verb is a single triliteral verb or starts with an added glottal stop. The glottal stop is a qat‛ glottal stop if the verb has four letters and a wasl glottal stop if it has more or less than four letters. For example: ضَرَبَ becomes یَضرِبُ then becomes اِضرِب (hit) or أحسَنَ becomes یُحسِنُ then becomes أحسِن(act well)

53. The last syllable of an imperative is indeclinable, it does not change. It is indeclinable upon:

• a sakūn if the last letter is not a weak letter, for example: اُنصُر (help)

• erasing the weak letter of defective verbs, for example یَرمي becomes اِرمِ (throw) or یُعطِي becomes أعطِ(give)

• erasing the nūn if the verb is connected to the dual alif, the plural wāw or the yā' personal pronoun, for example: اُنصِرَا (you two people help)

54. The imperative glottal stop:

• is given a dummah if the second root letter of a three letter verb has a dummah in the aorist tense. For example: اُنظُر (look)

• is given a fathah if it is a four letter verb. For example: أکرَم(be generous)

• is given a kasrah in other than these two cases. For example: اِعلَم (know) and اِضرِب (hit) and اِنطَلِق (begin) and اِستَعلِم (seek knowledge).

55. A wasl glottal stop is pronounced at the beginning of a sentence, for example: اِجلِس یا رَجُلُ (Sit, oh man.), but is not pronounced in the middle of a sentence, for example: یا رَجُلُ اجلِس (Oh man, sit.)

56. A qat‛ glottal stop is pronounced in the beginning of a sentence, for example: أقبِل یا رَجُلُ(Accept, oh man.), and in the middle of a sentence, for example: یا رَجُلُ أقبِل (Oh man, accept.)

57. The imperative used for the first or third person has a special form which is called the imperative by lām where a jussive lām is added to the beginning of the aorist tense verb and takes a kasrah, for example: لِیَضرِب لأُوَدِّب (He must hit to teach manners), except if it is after a fā' or wāw, in this case it is given a sakūn, for example: فَلتَطِب نفسک (feel comfortable).

Intransitive and Transitive Verbs

58. Does every verb need an actor?

59. Does every verb need an objective compliment?

60. When does a triliteral intransitive verb become transitive?

61. How many categories of transitive verbs are there?

62. What verbs are passive verbs derived from?

63. Is a passive verb derived from an intransitive verb?

64. How is a passive verb in the preterite tense formed?

65. How is a passive verb in the aorist tense formed?

58. Every verb needs an actor and the actor is either:

• Apparent, for example: جَلَسَ المعلِّمُونَ ثُمَ تَباحَثُوا (The teachers sat down and then discussed.)

• Hidden, for example: اِلعَب (play) where the 'you' is hidden.

59. No, there are two types of verbs:

• Intransitive: A verb that suffices itself with an actor and does not need an objective compliment. For example: جاءَ الولَدُ (The boy came.)

• Transitive: A verb that doe not suffice itself with an actor, rather it needs an objective compliment as well. For example: کَسَرَ الخادِمُ ٳبریقاً (The servant broke a pitcher.)

60. Most triliteral intransitive verbs are made transitive if placed into form II or IV. For example: دامَ (to last) becomes أدامَ(to make last) or کَرُمَ (to be noble) becomes کَرَّمَ(to call noble).

61. There are two categories of transitive verbs:

• Active: a verb whose actor is known, for example: بَری التلمیذُ قَلَماً (The student sharpened a pencil.)

• Passive: a verb whose actor is not mentioned and whose objective compliment is put in the actor's place. For example: بُرِيَ القَلَمُ (The pencil was sharpened.)

62. A passive verb is normally formed from a transitive verb and the objective compliment takes the place of the actor after it is erased from the sentence. For example: ضَرَبَ زیدٌ سلیماً (Zayd hit Salīm) becomes ضُرِبَ سلیمٌ (Salīm was hit.)

63, Yes, a passive verb is formed from an intransitive verb:

• if it can be made transitive by using a preposition. For example: قَبَضَ الحارسُ علی اللصِّ (The guard seized the thief.) becomes قُبِضَ علی اللصِّ (the thief was seized.)

• if there is a adverbal noun of time or place after the verb. For example: صَامَ العابِدُ اذارَ (the worshiper fasted [in] March.) becomes صیمَ اذارُ (March was fasted.)

• if there is an infinitive after the verb. For example: احتَفَلَ الجمعُ احتفالاً عظیماً (The group rallied, a great rally.) becomes احتُفِلَ احتفالٌ عَظیمٌ (A great rally was rallied.)

64. The preterite tense passive verb is made from the preterite tense active verb by giving a kasrah to the second to last letter and a dummah to all other letters that have a vowel sign already. For example: أکَلَ(he ate) becomes أُکِلَ(it was eaten) or اِستَقَبَلَ (he faced) becomes اُستُقبِلَ (it was faced).

65. The aorist tense passive verb is made from the aorist tense active verb by giving the first letter a dummah and the second to last letter a fathah. For example: یَعلَمُ (he knows) becomes یُعلَمُ (it is known) or یَکتُبُ (he writes) becomes یُکتَبُ(it is being written

Divisions of Nouns

66. What is a noun?

67. What are the different types of nouns?

68. What is a conjugational noun?

69. How many types of conjugational nouns are there?

70. What is an unnonated noun?

71. How many unnonated nouns are there?

72. What is an apolistic noun?

73. What is a derived noun?

74. What is a relative clause noun?

75. How many types of relative clause nouns are there?

76. How many types of apolistic adjectives are there?

77. How many types of derived adjectives are there?

78. How many types of derived generic nouns there?

79. What is an adjective?

80. How many types of adjectives are there?

81. What adjectives are apolistic?

82. How many adjectives are derived?

66. A noun is a word that indicates a complete meaning that is not conditioned with time. For example: ورقه (paper) یوسف (Yusuf) ٳکرام(to call noble).

67. A noun is conjugational, unnonated, apolistic or derived.

68. A conjugational noun is a noun like the word مدینة (city) which could be put into the dual form مَدینتانِ (two cities), the plural form مُدنٌ (cities), the diminutive form مُدَینَةٌ (a small city) and the possessive form مَدَنيٌ (my city).

69. There are two types of conjugational nouns: relative clause nouns and adjectives.

70. An unnonated noun is a noun that stays in one state, it does not become dual, plural, and diminutive or possessive.

71. There are six types of unnonated nouns: pronoun هو (he), demonstrative pronoun هذا (this), conjunct الذي (that), interrogative pronoun مَن (who), conditional noun مَهما (where), and an adverbal noun of time or place حَیثُ (when).

72. An apolistic noun is a noun that is not derived from a verb. For example: رَجُل (man) and یوسف (Yusuf).

73. A derived noun is a noun that is derived from a verb. For example: ٳکرامٌ(to call noble) is derived from the verb أکرَمَ(he called noble) and مَطبَخٌ (kitchen) is derived from the noun طَبَخَ (he cooked).

74. A relative clause noun is a noun that can be described by another word. For example رجل (man), شخرة (tree) and ٳکرامٌ (to call noble).

75. Relative clauses can either be derived or apolistic.

76. There are two types of apolistic relative clause nouns: a proper noun - دمشق (Damascus) and an apolistic generic noun - ثعلب (fox).

77. There are two types of derived relative clause nouns: an infinitive - بِناء (to build) and a derived generic noun - مَلعَب (playground).

78. There are two types of derived generic nouns: an adverbial noun of time or place - مَجلِس (meeting) or an instrumental noun - مِفتاح (key).

79. An adjective is a word related to a relative clause noun that describes its condition.

80. There are two types of adjectives: derived and apolistic.

81. Apolistic adjectives are possessive. For example: عَرَبيٌّ (Arabic)

82. There are five kinds of derived adjectives: The actor form, the objective compliment, the exaggerated form, the adjective form, comparative/superlative form.

Proper and Generic Nouns

83. What is a proper noun?

84. What is a generic noun?

85. How many types of generic nouns are there?

86. List the derived generic nouns.

87. What is a noun of place?

88. What is a noun of time?

89. How is a noun of place/time formed from a triliteral verb?

90. How is a noun of place/time formed from a verb with more than three letters?

91. What is an instrumental noun?

92. How is an instrumental noun formed?

83. A proper noun is a noun that denotes a specific person, animal or place. For example: إبراهیم (Abraham), بارود (bārūd, the name of a horse) and دمشق (Damascus).

84. A generic noun is a noun that denotes, in an unspecific way, all people, animals or things that fall under one species. For example: رَجُلٌ (man), کَلبٌ (dog) and مدینةٌ (city).

85. There are two types of generic nouns: derived and apolistic.

86. The derived generic nouns are: nouns of place/time and instrumental nouns.

87. A noun of place is a form that indicates the place that an action took place. For example: مَطبَخ (kitchen).

88. A noun of time is a form that indicates the time that an action took place. For example: مَغرِب (evening).

89. A time/place noun is formed from a triliteral verb in the following forms:

1. مَفعَل for verbs whose second root letter has a dummah in the aorist tense, for example یَطبُخُ (he is cooking) becomes مَطبَخ (kitchen), for verbs whose second root letter has a fathah in the aorist tense, for example: یَذبَحُ (he is slaughtering) becomes مَذبَح (slaughterhouse) and for verbs whose third root letter is a weak letter, for example: یَرمي (he is shooting) becomes مَرمیَ (gun range).

2. مَفعِل for verbs whose second root letter has a kasrah in the aorist tense, for example: یَضرِبُ (he is hitting) becomes مَضرِب (camp site).

90. The time/place nouns are formed from verbs that have more than three letters by using their passive aorist tense form and substituting the aorist letter with a mīm with a dummah. For example: یُستَشفیَ (a cure was sought) becomes مُستَسفیَ (hospital).

91. An instrumental noun is a form that indicates the thing that the action was performed with. For example: مِبرَد (file).

92. Instrumental nouns are taken from transitive triliteral verbs. There are three forms that they have:

1. مِفعَل: for example: مِبرَد (file)

2. مِفعَلَة: for example: مِکنَسَة (broom)

3. مِفعال: for example: مِفتاح (key)

Infinitives

93. What is an infinitive?

94. How is an infinitive formed from triliteral verbs without increase letters?

95. How is an infinitive formed from triliteral verbs with increase letters?

96. How is an infinitive formed from quadriliteral verbs without increase letters?

97. How is an infinitive formed from quadriliteral verbs with increase letters?

98. Are there infinitives for verbs that have not been mentioned?

99. How is a mīmī infinitive formed from triliteral verbs?

100. How is a mīmī infinitive formed from verbs with more than three letters?

93. An infinitive is a noun that indicates a state or action without indicating its time. For example أخذٌ (removal) or تَسلیمٌ (submission)

94. There are many forms for infinitives taken from triliteral verbs without increase letters. They can be found in dictionaries. For example: نَصرٌ (help) and جُلوسٌ (sitting) and many more.

95. There are rules for the infinitives of triliteral verbs with increase letters:

• Form II - the infinitive of form II has the following form: تَفعیل, for example: قَدَّمَ becomes تَقدیم.

• Form III - the infinitive of form III has the following form: مُفاعَلَة, for example: نازَعَ becomes مُنازَعَة

• Form IV - إفعال, for example: أکرَمَ becomes إکرام

• Form V - تَفَعُّل, for example: تَأخَّرَ becomes تأخُّر

• Form VI - تَفاعُل, for example: تَباعَدَ becomes تَباعُد

• Form VII - اِنفعال, for example: اِنکَسَرَ becomes اِنکَسار

• Form VIII - اِفتِعال, for example: اِجتَمَعَ becomes اِجتِماع

• Form IX - اِفعِلال, for example: اِحمرَّ becomes اِحمِرار

• Form X - اِستِفعال, for example: اِستَرحَمَ becomes اِستِرحام

• Form XII - اِفعیعال, for example: اِحدَودَبَ becomes اِحدیداب

96. The two forms of the infinitive of quadriliteral verbs without increase letters are: فَعلَلَة and فِعلال, for example: دَحرَجَ becomes دَحرَجَة or دِحراج.

97. There are rules for the infinitives of quadriliteral verbs with increase letters:

• Form II - تَفَعلُل, for example: تَدَحرَجَ becomes تَدَحرُج

• Form III - اِفعِنلال, for example: اِحرَنجَمَ becomes اِحرِنجام

• Form IV - اِفعِلال, for example: اِطمَأنَّ becomes اِطمِئنان

98. There is an infinitive for triliteral and quadriliteral verbs with or without increase letters called a mīmī infinitive. It is called this because there is a mīm added to the beginning of it.

99. The mīmī infinitive is formed from triliteral verbs by putting them in the following forms:

• مَفعِل this form is used if the first root letter is a wāw. For example: وَعَدَ (he promised) becomes مَوعِد (promise).

• مَفعَل this from is used in all other cases. For example: أکَلَ (he ate) becomes مَأکَل (food).

100. The mīmī infinitive is formed from verbs with more than three letters by using the passive aorist tense and replacing the aorist letter with a mīm that has a dummah. For example: یُنحَدَرُ (is brought down) becomes مُنحَدَرٌ (fall).

Adjectives: The Active and Passive Participle

101. What is an active particple?

102. How is the active participle formed from triliteral verbs?

103. How is the active participle formed from other than triliteral verbs?

104. What is a passive participle?

105. How is a passive participle formed from triliteral verbs?

106. How is a passive participle formed from other than triliteral verbs?

107. From what type of verbs is the passive participle formed?

108. How many derived nouns are there that have more than three letters and one form?

101. The active participle is a form that indicates the performer of an action. For example: ضارِب (hitter).

102. The active participle is formed from triliteral verbs in the form of فاعل. For example دَرَسَ (he studied) becomes دارِس (studier).

103. The actor form is formed from other than triliteral verbs by putting the verb in the active aorist tense and substituting the aorist letter with a mīm that has a dummah and giving the second to last letter a kasrah. For example: یُکرِمُ becomes مُکرِمٌ

104. The passive participle is a form that indicates what received an action. For example مَضروبٌ (the hit).

105. The passive participle is formed from triliteral verbs in the form of مفعول. For example: کَتَبَ becomes مَکتُوبٌ

106. The passive participle is formed from other than triliteral verbs by putting the verb in the passive aorist tense and substituting the aorist letter with a mīm that has a dummah. For example: یُقَدُّمُ becomes مُقَدَّمٌ.

107. The passive participle is formed from transitive verbs, either transitive by themselves or verbs that are made transitive by a preposition.

108. The passive participle, mīmī infinitive and the time/place nouns that are formed from a verb with more than three letters all have the same form. They are differentiated by their meanings.

The Adjective

109. What is an adjective?

110. How is an adjective formed from a triliteral verb?

111. How is an adjective formed from a triliteral verb that indicates a color, defect or decoration?

112. How is an adjective formed from a non-triliteral verb?

109. An adjective is a form derived from an intransitive verb that slightly indicates an actor, except that it does not indicate the action of the actor, rather it indicates an established characteristic of the actor. For example: وَلَدٌ حَسَنٌ (a nice boy) or رَجُلٌ کَریمٌ(an honorable man). These adjectives are established characteristics found in the boy and man.

110. There is no rule in forming adjectives from triliteral verbs. They are formed in numerous forms. For example: طاهر (purified), عطشان (thirsty) and ظریف (delicate).

111. The adjective formed from triliteral verbs that indicate color, defect or decoration is put into the form أفعل. For example: أسمَرالوَجه (a brown face), أعمیَ القَلبِ (a blind heart) and أهیَفُ القَد (a slender physique).

112. The adjective is formed from non-triliteral verbs by using the active participle form.

The Forms of Exaggeration

113. What are the forms of exaggeration?

114. How are the forms of exaggeration formed?

115. What do the forms fa'ūl and fa'īl mean?

116. What rule applies to the fa'ūl form and the noun it describes?

117. What rule applies to the fa'īl form and the noun it describes?

113. The forms of exaggeration are forms that bring about a change in the active participle to indicate exaggeration. For example: رَحِمَ (he showed mercy) becomes راحِمٌ (the merciful) which becomes رَحیمٌ (the very merciful).

114. The exaggeration form is only formed from triliteral verbs, but there is no rule one how to form them. The most famous forms are:

• فَعَّال: جَبَّار (giant)

• فَعَّالة: عَلّامة (high scholar)

• مِفعال: مِفضال (excellent)

• مِفعیل: مِسکین (destitute)

• فِعِّیل: صِدِّیق (very truthful)

• فَعِل: حَذِر (very cautious)

• فعیل: رَحیم (very merciful)

• فَعول: کَذوب (big liar)

115. The forms fa'ūl and fa'īl are used to indicate an actor or objective compliment. For example: رَسول is the same as مُرسَل and رَحیم is the same as رَاحِم.

116. The rule that applies to the form fa'ūl and the noun it describes is different depending on its meaning:

• If it has the meaning of an objective compliment it follows the noun it describes in gender. For example: هذا رَسول (this male messenger) and هذه رَسولَة (this female messenger).

• If it has the meaning of an actor it remains masculine even if the noun it is describing is feminine. For example: جاءَ الأبُ الحنونُ (the loving father came) and جائتَ الأُمُّ الحنونُ (the loving mother came). This is only the case if the described word is mentioned, if it is implied the adjective must follow the described word in gender. For example: جاءَ الحنونُ و الحنونَةُ (the loving [father] and the loving [mother] came).

117. The rule that applies to the form fa'īl and the noun it describes is different depending on its meaning:

• If it has the meaning of an actor it follows the noun it describes in gender. For example: هذا شَفیقٌ و هذه شَفیقةٌ (this male compassionate person and this female compassionate person).

• If it has the meaning of an objective compliment it remains masculine even if the noun it is describing is feminine. For example: جاءَ رجلٌ جَریحٌ (an injured man came) and جائت امرأةٌ جَریحٌ (an injured woman came). This is only the case if the described word is mentioned, if it is implied the adjective must follow the described word in gender. For example: جاءَ جَریحٌ و جَریحَةٌ (the injured [man] and the injured [woman] came).

The Comparative and Superlative Noun

118. What are comparative and superlative nouns?

119. What are comparative and superlative nouns formed from?

120. What verbs are not formed into comparative and superlative nouns?

121. Why are comparative and superlative nouns not formed from triliteral verbs that indicate color, defect or trickery?

122. What do we do if we want to use the comparative or superlative form from a verb that is not put into the comparative or superlative tense?

118. The comparative and superlative noun is a form which changes an adjective to indicate a comparison between one thing and another. An example of an adjective is: یوسفُ کبیرٌ (Joseph is big.) An example of a comparative is: یوسفُ أکبرُ من إبراهیمَ (Joseph is bigger than Abraham.)

119. The comparative and superlative are only formed from triliteral active verbs and always are put in the form أفعل. For example: کَرُمَ (which is a active verb) becomes أکرَم (more generous) and ضُرِبَ (which is a passive verb) is not put into the comparative or superlative form.

120. Triliteral active verbs which indicate color, defect or trickery as well as any verb that has more than three letters are not put into the comparative or superlative forms.

121. The reason that triliteral active verbs which indicate color, defect or trickery are not formed into the comparative and superlative forms is because the form أفعل for these verbs is used as an adjective. For example: سَوِدَ (to make black) becomes أسوَد (black) and عَوِرَ (to loose an eye) becomes أعوَر (one-eyed).

122. If we want to use the comparative or superlative form from a verb that is not put into the comparative or superlative tense we must use one of the words أشد (more severe), أکثر (more) أوفر (more abundant) or أکبر (larger) and then add the infinitive of the verb in the accusative form (because it is a specificative). For example: سَوِدَ becomes أشَدُّ سَواداً (blacker) or عَوِرَ becomes أکثرُ عَوَراً (more one-eyed).

Definite and Indefinite Nouns

123. What is an indefinite noun?

124. What is a definite noun?

125. How many types of definite nouns are there?

126. How is an indefinite noun made definite?

123. An indefinite noun is a noun that is common amongst a certain species, not specific to any one of the instances. For example: قَلَمٌ (pen) and بُستانٌ (garden).

124. A definite noun is a noun that indicates a specific instance from a species. For example: القَلَمُ (the pen) and البُستانُ

125. There are six forms of definite nouns:

• Proper nouns: سلیمان (Solomon)

• Pronouns: أنا (I)

• Demonstrative pronouns: هذا (this)

• conjuncts: الذي (he who)

• Made definite by a alif-lām: الرجل (the man)

• Compliment of a prefixed noun : کتابُ الرجل (The man's book)

126. A common noun is made definite in the following ways:

• if an alif-lām is added to it (and the nunation is erased if it was nunated). For example: کتابٌ (a book) becomes الکتابُ (the book).

• if it is contracted with a definite noun (and the nunation is erased if it was nunated). For example: کتابي (my book).

Masculine and Feminine

127. What is a masculine noun?

128. What is a feminine noun?

129. How is a masculine noun differentiated from a feminine noun?

130. What are the signs of a literated feminine noun?

131. Are all nouns ending with the feminine tā' feminine?

132. Are all nouns ending with the alif maqsūrah (یَ) feminine?

133. Are all nouns ending with an alif and hamzah femine?

134. How many types of masculine and feminine nouns are there?

135. How is a relative clause noun put into the feminine form?

136. How is an adjective put into the feminine form?

137. Are there exceptions to this rule about adjectives?

138. How is an adjective in the فعلان form put into the feminine form?

139. How is an adjective in the أفعل form that indicates a color, defect or trickery put into the feminine form?

140. How is an adjective in the أفعل form indicating the comparative or superlative form put into the feminine form?

127. A masculine noun is a noun that indicates masculinity. For example: رَجُلٌ (man)

128. A feminine noun is a noun that indicates femininity. For example: اِمرأة (woman)

129. There is no sign for a masculine noun. It is known by its meaning. But, feminine nouns are either:

• literated, there are signs indicating its femininity. For example, اِمرأة

• unliterated, there are no signs indicating its femininity. For example, شمس (sun)

130. There are three signs for literated feminine nouns:
• The feminine tā': نعمة (comfort)

• Alif maqsūrah: عَطشیَ (thirsty woman)

• Alif and hamzah: صَحراء (desertlike)

131. No, some nouns ending with the feminine tā' are masculine. For example: طلحة (a male name)

132. No, The nouns that end with an alif maqsūrah which is part of its root (not added) are not feminine. For example: هُدیَ (correct guidance).

133. No, the nouns that end with a hamzah preceded by an alif which is part of its root (not added) are not feminine. For example: بِناء (building)

134. There are two types of masculine and feminine nouns:
• Literal: a noun that is actually masculine or feminine, for example: رجل (man) and اِمرأة (woman).

• Figurative: a noun that is not actually masculine or feminine, for example: قَلَم (pen) and قَوس (arch).

135. A noun (non-adjective) is made feminine in two ways:
• Grammatically: by adding a feminine tā' to the end of the word. For example: نَمِر (panther) becomes نَمرة (female panther).

• Non-grammatically: there are no rules for this. For example: رجلٌ becomes إمرأةٌ.

136. An adjective is made feminine by adding a feminine tā' to the end of the word. For example: کاذب (male liar) becomes کاذبة (female liar).

137. Yes, there are three exceptions to this rule.
• The form: فَعلان

• The form أفعل when the verb indicates color, defects, or trickery.

• The superlative and comparative form.

138. An adjective has the فعلان form is made feminine by putting it into the فَعلیَ form. For example: عَطشان (thirsty male) becomes عَطشیَ (thirsty female).

139. An adjective has the أفعل form and it denotes color, defect, or trickery is made feminine by putting it into the فَعلاء form. For example: أحمَر (red) becomes حَمراء (red).

140. A superlative or comparative is made feminine by putting it into the فُعلیَ form. For example: أکبر (bigger) becomes کُبریَ (bigger)

Maqsur, Mamdud, and Manqus Nouns

141. What is a maqsūr noun?

142. How is a manqsūr noun verbalized?

143. What is a mamdūd noun?

144. What is a manqūs noun?

145. How is a manqūs noun verbalized?

141. A maqsūr noun is a noun that ends in an alif. The alif can either be:

• long, for example: عصا (cane)

• maqsūrah, for example: فتیَ (young man)

142. Maqsūr nouns are always verbalized with a fathah nunation, except if it is an unnonated noun. For example: جاءَ فتیً (a young man came), رأیتُ فتیً (I saw a young man), and مَرَرتُ بفتیً (I passed by a young man)

143. A mamdūd noun is a noun that ends with a hamzah preceded by an alif. For example: سماء (sky).

144. A manqūs noun is a noun that ends with a yā' preceded by a kasrah. For example: القاضي (judge).

145. A manqūs noun is verbalized:

• By two kasrahs after the yā' is erased when it is in the nominative and genitive cases. For example: جاءَ قاضٍ (a judge came).

• Just like any other noun in the accusative case, unless it is unnonated. For example: رأیتُ قاضیاً (I saw a judge).

Single and Dual Forms

146. What is a singular noun?

147. What is a dual noun?

148. How is a dual noun formed?

149. Are there some exceptions to this rule?

150. How are maqsūr nouns made dual?

151. How are mamdūd nouns made dual?

146. A singular noun is a noun that indicates one person, one animal, or one thing. For example: نجَّار (a carpenter).

147. A dual noun is a noun that indicates two people, two animals, or two things. For example: نحَّاران (two carpenters).

148. A noun is put into the dual form by giving the last syllable a fathah and adding the dual letters which are:

• An alif and nūn that has a kasrah if the noun is in the nominative state. For example: جاءَ وَلدَانِ (two boys came)

• A yā' and nūn that has a kasrah if the noun is in the accusative or genitive case. For example: اسطدتُ عُصفرَینِ (I hunted two sparrows)

149. Yes, there are some exceptions to this rule. The exceptions are maqsūr nouns and mamdūd nouns.

150. A maqsūr noun has two cases:

• If it ends in a straight alif - the alif should be changed to a wāw and then the dual letters should be added. For example: عصا (cane) becomes عَصَو which becomes عَصَوانِ (two canes).

• If it ends in an alif maqsūrah - the alif should be changed to a yā' and then the dual letters should be added. For example: فتیَ (young man) becomes فَتي which becomes فَتَیَانِ (two young men).

151. A mamdūd noun has two cases:

• If the hamzah is a feminine hamzah - the hamzah should be changed into a wāw with a fathah and then the dual letters should be added. For example: خَصراء (green) becomes خَضراوَ which becomes خَضراوانِ.

• If the hamzah is not a feminine hamzah - the hamzah can either remain or be changed into a wāw with a fathah and then the dual letters should be added. For example سماء (sky) becomes سماء or سَماوَ which becomes سَماءَانِ or سَماوَانِ (two skies).

Plural Nouns

152. What is a plural?

153. How many forms of plurals are there?

154. What is a sound plural?

155. How many kinds of sound plurals are there?

156. What are the signs of a masculine sound plural?

157. When is a noun (non-adjective) put into the masculine sound plural form?

158. When is an adjective put into the masculine sound plural form?
159. What are the signs of a feminine sound plural?

160. When is a noun (non-adjective) put into the feminine sound plural form?

161. When is an adjective put into the feminine sound plural form?

162. What is a broken plural?

163. How many kinds of broken plurals are there?

164. Are there rules for some of the forms of broken plurals?

165. What are some forms of broken plurals for nouns (non-adjectives)?

166. What are some forms of broken plurals for adjectives?

152. A plural is a noun that indicates more than two people, animals, or things. For example: نجَّارون (carpenters).

153. There are two types of plurals: sound plurals and broken plurals.

154. A sound plural is a plural where the word remains the same and the plural letters are added to it. For example: مُعَلِّم (teacher) becomes مُعَلِّمونَ (teachers).

155. There are two types of sound plurals: masculine sound plurals and feminine sound plurals.

156. The plural letters for a masculine sound plural are:

• Wāw and nūn with a fathah when it is in the nominative state. For example: قَدِمَ الزَّائِرُونَ (The visitors came)

• Yā' and nūn with a fathah when it is in the accusative state. For example: رَأیتُ المُومِنینَ (I saw the believers)

• Yā' and nūn with a fathah when it is in the genative state. For example: سلَّمتُ علی القادمینَ (I greeted the arrivers)

157. A noun (non-adjective) is put into the masculine sound plural form if it is a proper male name that does not have a feminine tā'. For example: زید becomes زیدونَ.

158. An adjective is put into the masculine sound plural form if:

• it is an adjective of a human that does not have a feminine tā' when it is masculine and it is made feminine by adding a feminine tā'. For example: عالِم (scholar) becomes عالِمونَ (scholars).

• it is an adjective of a human in the comparative/superlative form. For example: أکرَم becomes أکرَمونَ

159. The plural letters for a sound feminine plural are an alif and tā' which is added after erasing the feminine tā'. For example: مومنة (believer woman) becomes مومنات (believer women).

160. A noun (non-adjective) is put into the feminine sound plural form if:

• it is a female proper name, even if it does not end in the feminine tā'. For example: مریم becomes مریمات.

• it is a infinitive that has more than three letters. For example: تعریف (definition) becomes تعریفات (definitions).

• it is a noun (masculine or feminine) that ends in one of the feminine letters. For example: وَرَقَة (paper) becomes وَرَقات (papers).

161. An adjective is put into the feminine sound plural form if it ends in one of the feminine letters. For example: کَبیرة (big female) becomes کَبیرات (big females).

162. A broken plural is a plural where the original letters of the word change. For example: کتاب (book) becomes کُتب (books).

163. There are three types of broken plurals:

• by changing the verbalization of the word, for example: أسَدٌ (lion) becomes أُسدٌ (lions).

• by erasing one of the letters of the word, for example: رَسولٌ (messenger) becomes رُسُلٌ (messengers).

• by adding letters to the word, for example: رَجُلٌ(man) becomes رِجالٌ (men).

164. Yes, there are some rules for some of the broken plurals.

165. Broken plural forms for some nouns (non-adjectives):

• فَعَل becomes فِعال, for example: جَمَل (camel) becomes جِمال (camels)

• فِعَل becomes أفعال, for example: عِنَب (grape) becomes أعناب (grapes)

• فَعِل becomes أفعال, for example: کَتِف (shoulder) becomes أکتاف (shoulders)

• فِعل becomes أفعال, for example: طِفل (child) becomes أطفال (children)

• فُعلَة becomes فُعَل, for example: عُلبَة (box) becomes عُلَب (boxes)

• فِعلَة becomes فِعَل, for example: حِرفة (occupation) becomes حِرَف (occupations)

• فاعِل becomes فَواعل, for example: خاتِم (ring) becomes خواتم (rings)

• فاعلة becomes فَواعل, for example: قائمة (leg) becomes قوائم (legs)

• فعیلة becomes فَعائل, for example: قبیلة (tribe) becomes قبائل (tribes)

• فعیلة becomes فَعایل, for example: مکیدة (scheme) becomes مکاید (schemes)

• مِفعَل becomes مَفاعِل, for example: مِنجَل (sickle) becomes مَناجِل (sickles)

• مِفعال becomes مَفاعیل, for example: مِفتاح (key) becomes مَفاتیح (keys)

166. Broken plural forms for some adjectives:

• أفعَل which becomes feminine in the following form فَعلاء becomes فُعل, for example: أحمَر (red) becomes حُمر

• أفعَل which is the comparative/superlative form becomes أفاعِل, for example: أفضَل (better) becomes أفاضِل

Possessive Nouns

167. What is a possessive noun?

168. What is the rule of possessive nouns?

169. What exceptions are there to this rule?

170. How is a possessive noun formed from a word ending in a hamzah?

171. How is a possessive noun formed from a word ending in a weak letter?

172. How is a possessive noun formed from a triliteral or quadriliteral word ending in an alif or yā'?

167. A possessive noun is a form that indicates a relationship between two things. For example: لبنانيٌّ (a man from Lebanon).

168. A. The noun is placed in the single masculine form and the last letter is given a kasrah then given yā's contracted together. For example: ناصرة (female helper) becomes ناصر (male helper) which becomes ناصريٌّ (from a helper). If the word is a broken plural the possessive noun can be formed from it or its singular form. For example: ملائکة (angels) becomes ملائکيٌّ or ملاکيٌّ (of the angels).

169. The following words are exceptions to this rule:

• مدینة becomes مدنيٌّ (a man from Medina)

• قریة (village) becomes قَرَويٌّ (a man from a village)

• حيّ (living) becomes حَیَويٌّ (a man from the living)

• ید (hand) becomes یَدَويٌّ (hand-made)

• أب (father) becomes أبَويٌّ (fatherly)

• ابن (son) becomes بَنَويٌّ (sonly)

• أخ (brother) becomes أخَويٌّ (brotherly)

• سنة (year) becomes سَنَويٌّ (yearly)

• لُقة (language) becomes لُغَويٌّ (literal)

• دَم (blood) becomes دَمويٌّ (of blood)

170. A noun ending in a hamzah:

• If the hamzah is a feminine hamzah it should be changed into a wāw, for example: بَیضاء (white) becomes بَیضاوِيٌّ (from white).

• If the hamzah is not a feminine hamzah then it can be changed into a wāw or it can remain, for example: سماء (sky) becomes سماويٌّ or سمائيٌّ (of the skies).

171. A noun ending in a weak letter is put into the possessive noun form by erasing the weak letter and then adding the yā's. مصطفیَ becomes مصطفيٌّ (from Mustafa).

172. If the word is a triliteral or quadriliteral word ending in a yā' or alif the last letter should be changed into a wāw and then the yā's should be added. For example: فَتیَ (young man) becomes فَتَوِيٌّ (of a young man).

The Diminutive Pattern

173. What is the diminutive pattern?

174. What are the rules of the diminutive pattern?

175. When is the letter after the diminutive yā' given a fathah?

173. The diminutive pattern is a form which indicates smallness, degradation or love. For example: وَلَد (boy) becomes وُلَید (small boy)

174. The rules of the diminutive pattern are:

• The first letter of the word must be given a dummah

• The second letter must be given a fathah and if it is a weak letter it is put in its original form and then given a fathah

• Then the diminutive yā' is added after the second letter without any vowel sign

• The next letter is given a kasrah except in some cases where it is given a fathah

175. The letter after the diminutive yā' is given a fathah if it is followed by a tā' or an alif. For example: زُهرَة (flower) becomes زُهَیرَة (small flower).

Pronouns

176. What is a pronoun?

177. How many kinds of pronouns are there?

178. What is a clear pronoun?

179. How many kinds of clear pronouns are there?

180. What is a separated clear pronoun?

181. How many kinds of separated clear pronouns are there?

182. What are the separated clear pronouns in the nominative state?

183. What are the separated clear pronouns in the accusative state?

184. What is a connected clear pronoun?

185. How many kinds of connected clear pronouns are there?

186. What are the connected clear pronouns in the nominative state?

187. What are the connected clear pronouns in the accusative and genitive states?

188. What are the connected clear pronouns in the nominative, accusative and genitive states?

189. What is a hidden pronoun?

190. How many kinds of hidden pronouns are there?

191. When is it permissible for a pronoun to be hidden?

192. When is it obligatory for a pronoun to be hidden?

176. A pronoun is a noun that represents a speaking, present, or absent person. For example: أنا (I)

177. There are two types of pronouns: clear and hidden.

178. A clear pronoun is a pronoun that is pronounced. For example: هو مجتهدٌ (he is a mujtahid)1

179. There are two types of clear pronouns: separated and connected.

180. A separated clear pronoun is a pronoun that is essentially independent. For example: هو نجح (he succeeded).

181. There are two types of separated clear pronouns: separated clear pronouns in the nominative state and separated clear pronouns in the accusative state.

182. The separated clear pronouns in the nominative state are:

• هُوَ (he)

• هُما (he dual)

• هُم (they male plural)

• هِيَ (she)

• هُما (she dual)

• هُنَّ (they female plural)

• أنتَ (you male)

• أنتُما (you dual male)

• أنتُم (you plural male)

• أنتِ (you female)

• أنتُما (you dual female)

• أنتُنَّ (you plural female)

• أنا (I)

• نَحنُ (we)

183. The separated clear pronouns in the accusative state are:

• إیاهُ (he)

• إیاهُما (he dual)

• إیاهُم (they male plural)

• إیاها (she)

• إیاهُما (she dual)

• إیاهُنَّ (they female plural)

• إیاکَ (you male)

• إیاکُما (you dual male)

• إیاکُم (you plural male)

• إیاکِ (you female)

• إیاکُما (you dual female)

• إیاکُنَّ (you plural female)

• إیايَ (I)

• إیانا (we)

184. A connected clear pronoun is a pronoun that is like a part of the word it is connected to. For example: فَتَحنا (We conquered)

185. There are three kinds of connected clear pronouns: connected clear pronouns in the nominative state, connected clear pronouns in the accusative and genitive states, and connected clear pronouns in the nominative, accusative and genitive states.

186. The connected clear pronouns in the nominative state are:

• تُ (I) , جَلستُ (I sat)

• تَ (you male), جَلستَ (you sat)

• تِ (you female), جَلستِ (you sat)

• تُما (you dual male/female), جَلستُما (you two sat)

• تُم (you plural male), جَلستُم (you guys sat)

• تُنَّ (you plural female) , جَلستُنَّ (you girls sat)

• The dual alif, جَلسا (they two sat)

• و (masculine plural), جَلسوا (they sat)

• ن (feminine plural), جَلسنا (they sat)

• ي (second person feminine pronoun), تَجلسین (she is sitting)

187. The connected clear pronouns in the accusative and genitive states are:

• ي (me,my) أکرمَني والدي (My father respects me)

• کَ (your, you male) أکرمَکَ والدکَ (your father respects you)

• کِ (your, you female) أکرمَکِ والدکِ (your father respects you)

• کُم (your, you male plural) أکرمَکُم والدکُم (your father respects you)

• کُنَّ (your, you female plural) أکرمَکُنَّ والدکُنَّ (your father respects you)

• هُ (his, him) أکرمَهُ والدهُ (his father respects him)

• ها (her) أکرمَها والدها (her father respects her)

• هُم (their, them male) أکرمَهُم والدهُم (their father respects them)

• هُنَّ (their, them female) أکرمَهُنَّ والدهُنَّ (their father respects them)

188. The connected clear pronouns in the nominative, accusative, and genitive states are:
• نا (our, us) أکرمَنا والدنا فَدَرَسنا (our father respects us so we study)

189. A hidden pronoun is a pronoun that is not pronounced. For example: کَتَبَ (he wrote)

190. There are two types of hidden pronouns: permissibly hidden and obligatorily hidden.

191. The permissibly hidden pronouns are the masculine and feminine third person pronouns. For example: زَیدٌ أتیَ (هو) (Zayd came).

192. The obligatorily hidden pronouns are the first and second person pronouns. For example: أقول (I say)

- 1. A mujtahid is a person who is able to derive religious rulings from their sources. For more information one can refer to the book The Basics of Islamic Jurisprudence by Hassan al-Ridā’ī available at www.lulu.com/islamicbooks [9].

Demonstrative Pronouns

193. What is a demonstrative pronoun?

194. How many kinds of demonstrative pronouns are there?

195. What are the demonstrative pronouns?

196. What is the ha that is at the beginning of the demonstrative pronouns for close objects called and is it ever erased?

197. Is a demonstrative pronoun declinable or indeclinable?

193. A demonstrative pronoun is a noun that indicates a specific person, animal, or thing. For example: هَذا الولد (this child).

194. There are three kinds of demonstrative pronouns: for close objects, for objects in between close and far, for far objects.

195. The demonstrative pronouns are:

• For things that are close:

1. هذا (this, m.)

2. هذانِ (these two, m.)

3. هَوُلاء (these, m.)

4. هذهِ (this, f.)

5. هَاتانِ (these two, f.)

6. هَوُلاء (these, f.)

• For things that are medium range:

1. ذاکَ (that, m.)

2. ذانِکَ (those two, m.)

3. ﺃولئکَ (those, m.)

4. تیکَ (that, f.)

5. تانِکَ (those two, f.)

6. ﺃولِوکَ(those, f.)

• For things that are far:

1. ذلِکَ (that, m.)

2. ذانّکَ (those two, m.)

3. ﺃولالِکَ (those, m.)

4. تِلکَ (that, f.)

5. تانّکَ (those two, f.)

6. ﺃولالِکَ (those, f.)

• For places:

1. هُنا(here)

2. هُناکَ(there, medium range)

3. هُنالِک تَمّ(there, far)

196. The ha that is in the front of demonstrative pronouns for close objects is called the demonstrative ha and sometimes is erased.

197. All of the demonstrative pronouns are indeclinable. The dual forms are made indeclinable on an alif if it is in the nominative case, for example هذانِ, and on a yā' if it is in the accusative or genitive cases, for example هذَینِ.

Conjuncts

198. What is a conjunct?

199. What is a sentence with a conjunct called?

200. What is the pronoun in the sentence with a conjunct called?

201. How many kinds of conjuncts are there?

202. What is a specific conjunct?

203. What are the specific conjuncts?

204. Are specific conjuncts declinable or indeclinable?

205. What is a common conjunct?

206. What are the common conjuncts?

198. A conjunct is a noun whose meaning is not complete unless there is a sentence after it with a pronoun that relates to it. For example: جاءَ الخادم الذي کلَّمتُکَ عنه (The servant who you talked about came).

199. The sentence after a conjunct is called a relative sentence.

200. The pronoun in the relative sentence is called a returning pronoun. There are two kinds of returning pronouns: clear, for example جاء الذي سافر أبوه (the person whose father is traveling came) and hidden, for example جاء الذي أرسلتُ (the person who I sent for came).

201. There are two types of conjuncts: specific and common.

202. A specific conjunct is a word used specifically for single, dual, and plural masculine and feminine words.

203. The specific conjuncts are:

• Masculine:

1. الّذی (single)

2. اللّذانِ اللّذَینِ (dual)

3. اللّذِینَ (plural)

• Feminine:

1. الّتی (single)

2. اللّتانِ اللّّتَینِ (dual)

3. اللّواتی اللاتی اللائی (plural)

204. Conjuncts are always indeclinable. The dual forms are made indeclinable on an alif if it is in the nominative state, for example اللّذانِ and on a yā' if it is in the accusative or genitive states, for example اللّذَینِ.

205. A common conjunct is a noun that is used for all the different tenses of conjuncts.

206. There are three common conjuncts:

• مَن which is used for rational beings. For example: أُکرِّمُ مَن یَزُورُني (I respect whoever visits me)

• ما which is used for non-rational beings. For example: کُل ما تَشتهیهِ نَفسُکَ (Eat whatever your heart desires)

• أيّ which is used for both rational and non-rational beings. For example: أُحِبُّ أيَّ التلامذةِ یدرسُ (I love whichever student who studies)

Conditional Words, Interrogative Words and Adverbial Nouns of Time or Place

207. What is a conditional word?

208. What are the conditional words?

209. What is an interrogative word?

210. What are the interrogative words?

211. Where is a conditional or question word used in a sentence?

212. What is an adverbial noun of time or place?

213. How many kinds of adverbial nouns of time or place are there in regards to their vowel signs?

214. What are the indeclinable adverbial nouns of time or place?

207. A conditional word is a noun written before two sentences indicating that the result of the second sentence is conditional upon the first sentence. For example: إذا درستُ تنجح (if you study you will succeed)

208. Conditional words are: مَن (whoever), ما (whatever), مَهما (whatever), مَتیَ (whenever), أیّان (whenever), أین (wherever), أنَّیَ (whenever), حَیثُما (however), کَیفُما (however), أيُّ (whichever). All of these words are indeclinable except أيُّ which is declinable.

209. An interrogative word is a noun which is used to ask about something. For example: مَن هَذا؟ (Who is this?)

210. Interrogative words are: مَن (who), مَن ذا (who is this), ما (what), ماذا (what), کَم (how much), and أيُّ (which). All of these words are indeclinable except أيُّ which is declinable.

211. All conditional words and question words are written at the beginning of the sentence.

212. An adverbial noun of time or place is a noun that indicates time or place. For example: تاجِر حیثُ أخوکَ مقیمٌ (Sell wherever your brother is settled.)

213. There are two types of adverbial nouns of time and place regarding their vowel signs:

• Indeclinable: حَیثُ and أمسِ (yesterday).

• Declinable: قَبل (before) and بَعد (after).

214. Indeclinable adverbial nouns of time and place are:
• Adverbial nouns of place: حَیثُ, لَدُن (near), لَدی (at), أین, هُنا

• Adverbial nouns of time: إذ (whenever), أمسِ (yesterday), مُذ (since), مُنذ (since), قَطُّ (never), لمّا (when,since), أیّان (when), مَتیَ, and الان (now)

• Adverbial nouns of both time and place: أنَّیَ

Cardinal Numbers

215. How many types of numbers are there?

216. What is a cardinal number?

217. How many foundational cardinal numbers are there?

218. How many types of cardinal numbers are there?

219. What is the rule regarding a single number?

220. What is the rule regarding a compound number?

221. What is the rule regarding a decimal number?

222. What is the rule regarding a coupled number?

223. What is the rule of the number in regards to its vowel sign?

224. What is the rule of the noun after the number in regards to its vowel sign?

215. There are two types of numbers: cardinal and ordinal.

216. A cardinal number is a noun that indicates the amount of a countable thing. For example: أربعة أولاد (four children)

217. There are twelve foundational cardinal numbers: واحِد (one), إثنان (two), ثَلاثَة (three), أربعَة (four), خَمسَة (five), سِتَّة (six), سَبعَة (seven), ثمانیَة (eight), تِسعَة (nine), عَشرَة (ten), مائَة (hundred), and ألف (thousand).

218. There are four types of cardinal numbers:

• Single: from one to ten, including a hundred and a thousand.

• Compound: from eleven to nineteen.

• Decimal: from twenty until ninety.

• Coupled: from twenty-one until ninety-nine.

219. The rules relating single numbers are:

• One and two: they are masculine when the numbered object is masculine and feminine when the numbered object is feminine. For example: رجلٌ واحدٌ (one man) and إمرَأةٌ واحدةٌ (one woman).

• From three to ten: they are feminine when the numbered object is masculine and masculine when the numbered object is feminine. For example:ٍثَلاثَةُ أولادِ three boys) and ثَلاثُ والداتٍ (three girls).

• A hundred and a thousand: they remain the same regardless if the numbered object is masculine or feminine. For example: مائةُ صبيٍّ (a hundred boys) and مائة فتاةٍ (a hundred girls).

220. The rule regarding compound numbers is that the first part of the number follows the rules for single numbers and the second part follows the numbered object in gender. For example: عَشَرَ عَدَداً (eleven numbers) and خَمسَة عَشَرَ بَیتاً (fifteen houses).

221. The rule regarding decimal numbers is that they remain the same regardless of the gender of the numbered object. For example: عِشرونَ رَجُلاً (twenty men) and عِشرونَ امرَةً(twenty women).

222. The rule regarding coupled numbers is that the first part of the number follows the rules for single numbers and the second part remains the same regardless of the gender of the numbered object. For example: واحد و عشرون, اِثنان و عشرون, and ثلاثةٌ و عشرون for masculine objects and واحدة و عشرون, اثنتان و عشرون and ثلاثٌ و عشرون for feminine objects.

223. The rules of numbers in respect to vowel signs are:

• Two: follows the rules regarding dual forms. For example: اثنان and اثنَین (two masculine) and اثنتان and اثنتَین (two feminine).

• Decimal: follows the rules of sound masculine plurals. For example: عِشرون and عِشرین (twenty).

• Compound: The first part of the number is indeclinable with a fathah. For example: جَلَسَ أحَدَ عَشَرَ رَجُلاً علیَ أحَدَ عَسَرَ کُرسیاً (eleven men sat on eleven chairs).

• The rest of the numbers: follow the rules regarding other nouns. For example: جاءَ رجالٌ ثلاثةٌ حاملینَ أربعةَ کُتُبٍ (three men came carrying four books).

224. The rules of the numbered object are:

• From three until ten: the numbered object is plural in the genitive state. For example: جاءَ ثلاثةٌ أولادٍ (three boys came).

• From a hundred to a thousand: the numbered object is singular and in the genitive state. For example: جاءَ مئةُ ولدٍ (a hundred boys came).

• From eleven to ninety-nine: the numbered object is singular and in the accusative state. For example: جاءَ أربعةَ عَشَرَ وَاداً (fourteen boys came).

Ordinal Numbers

225. What is an ordinal number?

226. How many ordinal numbers are there?

227. How many types of ordinal numbers are there?

228. What is the ruling of ordinal numbers and the numbered object?

229. What is the ruling of ordinary numbers in regards to their vowel signs?

225. Ordinal numbers are nouns that indicate the order of things. For example: الولد الرابع (the fourth boy).

226. There are twelve ordinal numbers: أوَّل (first), ثانٍ (second), ثالِث (third), رابِع (fourth), خامِس (fifth), سادِس (sixth), سابِع (seventh), ثامِن (eighth), تاسِع (ninth), عاشِر (tenth), مِئَة (hundredth), and ألف (thousandth).

227. There are four types of ordinal numbers:

• Single: from first to tenth.

• Compound: from eleventh to nineteenth.

• Decimal: from twentieth to ninetieth and a hundredth and a thousandth.

• Coupled: from twenty-first to ninety-ninth.

228. Ordinal numbers follow the numbered object in gender. For example: الرجل الرابع و الفتاة الرابعة (the fourth man and the fourth girl). The exception to this rule is decimal numbers, they remain the same regardless of the gender of the numbered object. For example: الکاتب العشرون و الکاتبة العشرون (the twentieth male author and the twentieth female author)

229. All of the ordinal numbers are declinable. The exception to this is compound numbers, they are indeclinable with a fathah.

The Status of Nouns

230. What are states?

231. How many types of states are there for nouns?

232. What are the signs of the different states of nouns?

233. Are there exceptions to this rule?

234. What are the signs of the nominative state for nouns that are exceptions to the principle rule?

235. What are the signs of the accusative state for these nouns?

236. What are the signs of the genitive state for these nouns?

230. States are the changes of the end of nouns and verbs due to the different places of a sentence that they are put into. For example: قَدِمَ الغائِبُ (the absent person came), رأیتُ الغائِبَ (I saw the absent person), and سلَّمتُ علی الغائِبِ (I greeted the absent person).

231. There are three states for nouns: nominative, accusative and genitive.

232. The signs of the states are as follows:

• The nominative state: a dummah.

• The accusative state: a fathah.

• The genitive state: a kasrah.

233. Yes, there are exceptions to this rule, for example: dual forms, masculine sound plurals, feminine sound plurals, the five nouns and the words that are unnonated.

234. The signs of the nominative state in the words that are exceptions to the general rule:

• Dual form: alif, for example: الکاتبان مفیدانِ (two useful authors).

• Sound masculine plurals: wāw, for example: جاء المحامونَ (The lawyers came).

• The five nouns: wāw, for example: أبوک عالمٌ (Your father is a scholar).

235. The signs of the accusative state in these words:

• Dual form: yā' that has a fathah before it, for example: اشتریتُ کتابَین (I bought two books).

• Masculine sound plurals: yā', for example: رأیتُ المحامین (I saw the lawyers).

• The five nouns: alif, for example: کرَّمتُ أباک (I was generous to your father).

• Feminine sound plulars: kasrah, for example: اشتریت ساعاتٍ جمیلةً (I bought a beautiful watch).

236. The sings of the genitive state in these words:

• Dual form: yā' that has a fathah before it, for example: بَحَثتُ في کتابَین (I researched two books).

• Masculine plurals: yā', for example: مع المحامین (with lawyers).

• The five nouns: yā', for example: سلَّمتُ علی أبیک (I greeted your father).

• Unnonated nouns: fathah, for example: ذهَبتُ إلی بیروتَ (I went to Beirut).

The Status of Verbs

237. Are all verbs declinable?

238. How many states of verbs are there?

239. What are the signs of the different states of verbs?

240. Are there exceptions to this rule?

241. What are the five verbs?

242. What is the sign of the nominative state in the five verbs?

243. What is the sign of the subjunctive state in the five verbs?

244. What is the sign of the jussive state in the five verbs?

245. What is the sign of the jussive state in defective verbs?

237. Aorist verbs are declinable except if the nūn of emphasis or the feminine nūn is added to it. In that case the verb would be indeclinable.

238. There are three states for verbs: nominative, subjunctive, and jussive.

239. The signs of these states are:

• Nominative: dummah

• Subjunctive: fathah

• Jussive: sakūn

240. Yes, there are exceptions to this rule in:

• The five verbs

• Defective verbs in the jussive case

241. The five verbs are aorist tense verbs that:

• have a dual alif, for example: یَضرِبانِ (they 'two' are hitting)

• have a plural wāw, for example: یَضرِبونَ (they are hitting)

• have a you feminine pronoun, for example: تَضرِبینَ (you 'female' are hitting)

242. The nominative sign in the five verbs is the nūn remaining at the end of the verb. For example: یَضرِبانِ (those 'two' are hitting) which is an aorist tense verb in the nominative state and its sign is the nūn because it is one of the five verbs.

243. The subjunctive sign in the five verbs is the subtraction of the nūn. For example: لَن تَضرِبي (you 'female' never hit) which is an aorist tense verb in the subjunctive state because of lan and its sign is the subtraction of the nūn because it is one of the five verbs.

244. The jussive sign in the five verbs is the subtraction of the nūn. For example: لَم تَضرِبوا (you 'plural' did not hit) which is an aorist tense verb in the jussive state because of lam and its sign is the subtraction of the nūn because it is one of the five verbs.

245. The jussive sign in the defective verbs is the subtraction of the weak letter. This is if it is not one of the five verbs in which the nūn would be subtracted. For example: لَم یَرمِ (he did not throw) which is an aorist tense verb in the jussive state because of lam and its sign is the subtraction of the weak letter because it is a weak verb of the root letter.

Indeclinable Nouns and Verbs

246. What is indeclinable?

247. What nouns are indeclinable?

248. What are they indeclinable on?

249. What verbs are indeclinable?

250. What are preterite tense verbs indeclinable on?

251. What are imperative verbs indeclinable on?

252. What are aorist tense verbs indeclinable on?

253. Is there another nūn other than the nūn of emphasis and the feminine nūn?

254. Is the nūn of protection only added to verbs?

246. Indeclinable words are words that do not change due to the different places of a sentence it is put in. for example: أینَ الکتابُ (where is the book?), أینَ ذَهبتَ (Where did you go?), and من أینَ جئتَ (Where did you come from?)

247. Indeclinable nouns are: pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, conjuncts, conditional nouns, interrogative words, adverbial nouns of time or place.

248. Indeclinable nouns are indeclinable on:

• Sakūn, for example: مَن (who)

• Dummah, for example: حَیثُ (how)

• Fathah, for example: أینَ (where)

• Kasrah, for example: أمسِ (yesterday)

249. The preterite tense, imperative tense, and aorist tense verbs that are connected to the feminine nūn and the nūn of emphasis are indeclinable.

250. The preterite tense verb is indeclinable on:

• Fathah, for example: شَرِبَ (he drank)

• Dummah, if it is connected to the plural wāw, for example: شَرِبُوا (they drank)

• Sakūn, if it is connected to a nominative voweled pronoun, for example: شربتُم (we drank)

251. The imperative verbs are indeclinable on:

• Sakūn, for example: اِشرِب (drink)

• Erasing the nūn, if it is connected to the plural wāw, dual alif, or the feminine second person pronoun, for example: اِشربا (drink, addressed to three or more people).

• Erasing the weak letter, if it is a defective verb, for example: اِرمِ (throw).

252. The aorist tense verbs are indeclinable on:

• Sakūn, if it is connected to the feminine nūn, for example: یَضرِبنَ (she is hitting)

• Fathah, if it is connected to the nūn of emphasis, for example: یَضرِبَنَّ (he is hitting!)

253. Yes, there is another nūn called the nūn of protection. This nūn separates the verb from the first person yā'. For example: ضَرَبَني (he hit me).

254. No, the nūn of protection is attached to some prepositions as well. For example: مِنِّي (from me).

Implied Vowel Signs

255. Does a vowel sign appear at the end of all words?

256. In which words are vowel signs implied?

257. Which vowel signs are implied with words that end in an alif?

258. Which vowel signs are implied with words that end in a yā' preceded by a kasrah?

259. Which vowel signs are implied with words that end in a wāw preceded by a dummah?

260. Which vowel signs are implied with words complimented by a first person yā'?

255. No, there are some words whose vowel signs are not pronounced, rather they are implied.

256. Implied vowel signs occur in the following words:

• Nouns and verbs ending in an alif.

• Nouns and verbs ending in a yā' proceeded by a kasrah

• Verbs ending in a wāw proceeded by a dummah.

• Nouns connected to the first person yā'.

257. The dummah, fathah, and kasrah are implied in nouns and verbs ending in an alif. For example: الفتی (youth)

258. The dummah and kasrah are implied in nouns and verbs ending in a yā' proceeded by a kasrah, but the fathah is pronounced. For example: القاضي (judge)

259. The dummah is implied in verbs ending in a wāw proceeded by a dummah, but the fathah is pronounced. For example: یَلهو (he diverts)

260. The dummah and fathah are implied in nouns connected to the first person yā', but the kasrah is pronounced. For example: أُمِّي (my mother)

Nunated and Unnunated Words

261. What is a nunated word?

262. What is an unnunated word?

263. What are the most important unnunated words?

264. What is a proper noun being unnunated conditional upon?

265. What is an adjective being unnunated conditional upon?

266. What is a plural being unnunated conditional upon?

267. What is a noun ending in the feminine alif being unnunated conditional upon?

268. When does an unnunated noun accept a kasrah?

261. A nunated word is a word that accepts nunation and all of the vowel signs. For example: رجُل (man) and عالم (scholar)

262. An unnunated word is a word that does not except a kasrah or nunation. For example: إبراهیم (Abraham) یعقوب (Jacob).

263. The most important unnunated words are:

• Some proper nouns and singular adjectives

• Plural nouns in the two forms مفاعل and مفاعیل

• Any word that ends in the feminine alif

264. A Proper noun becomes unnunated if:

• it is feminine, for example: مریم (Maryam)

• it is taken from a foreign language, for example: إسحَق (Isaac)

• it is a compound word, for example: بَعلبَک (a city in Lebanon)

• it has an alif and nūn added to the end of it, for example: عثمان

• it is on the form of a verb, for example: أحمَد

• it was taken from another word, for example: عُمَر

265. Adjectives become unnunated if:

• they are on the form فَعلان which is made feminine by putting it into the فَعلیَ form, for example: عَطشان (thirsty)

• they are on the اَفعَل form, for example: أحسَن (better)

• they are taken from another word, for example: ثُلاث (third)

266. Plurals are unnunated if:

• they are on the مفاعل form, for example: مَساجِد (mosques)

• they are on the مفاعیل form, for example: مَصابیح (lanterns)

267. Any noun that ends in a feminine alif is unnunated, for example: سَکریَ (drunk)

268. Unnunated nouns receive a kasrah if they are contracted to other words or if they have an alif-lām. For example: مَرَرتُ بأفضَلِ العلماء (I passed by the best scholars).

Prepositions

269. What are prepositions and are they declinable or indeclinable?

270. How many jār prepositions are there?

271. How many accusative prepositions are there?

272. How many jussive prepositions are there?

273. How many swearing prepositions are there?

274. How many conjunctional prepositions are there?

275. How many interrogative prepositions are there?

276. How many responsive prepositions are there?

277. How many negative prepositions are there?

278. How many vocative prepositions are there?

279. How many future prepositions are there?

280. How many infinitive prepositions are there?

281. How many conditional prepositions are there?

282. How many corroborative prepositions are there?

283. How many exceptive prepositions are there?

269. All prepositions do not have a complete meaning unless they are accompanied with a noun or verb. All prepositions are indeclinable.

270. There are nineteen jār prepositions: من ألی عَن عَلی في رُبَّ الکاف اللام الباء التاء الواو حتی مُذ مُنذُ خَلا عدا حاشا لَولا کَي

271. There are four accusative prepositions: أن لَن إذَن کَي

272. There are five jussive prepositions: إن لام الأمر لا الناهیة لَم لمَّا

273. There are three swearing prepositions: الباء التاء الواو

274. There are nine conjunctional prepositions: الواو الفاء ثُمَّ حتَّی أو أم لا بَل لکِن

275. There are two interrogative prepositions: الهمزة هَل

276. There are six responsive prepositions: نَعَم بَلی أجَل جَیر جَلَل إي

277. There are seven negative prepositions: ما لا لاتَ لَم لَمَّا لَن إن

278. There are seven vocative prepositions: أ یا آ أي أیا هیا وَا

279. There are two future prepositions: السین سوف

280. There are five infinitive prepositions: أن أنَّ کَي ما لَو

281. There are two conditional prepositions: إن لَو

282. There are five corroborative prepositions: إنّ أنَّ النون لام الابتداء قَد

283. There are four exceptive prepositions: إلَّا خَلا عَدا حاشا

Topic Tags:

- Arabic grammar [6]

- Arabic language structure [7]

Author(s):

- Rashid Al-Shartuni [3]

Translator(s):

- Hamid Hussein Waqar [4]

Category:

- Qur’anic Sciences [5]

Source URL: https://www.al-islam.org/elementary-arabic-morphology-2-rashid-al-shartuni

Links
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[3] https://www.al-islam.org/person/rashid-al-shartuni
[4] https://www.al-islam.org/person/hamid-hussein-waqar
[5] https://www.al-islam.org/library/quranic-sciences
[6] https://www.al-islam.org/tags/arabic-grammar
[7] https://www.al-islam.org/tags/arabic-language-structure
[8] http://www.lulu.com/content/paperback-book/elementary-arabic-morphology-2/317492
[9] http://www.lulu.com/islamicbooks