Elementary Arabic Morphology 3

Sub Title:

(Mabādī Al-‛Arabīyyah)

A study of Arabic Morphology volume 3. Translated by Hamid Hussein Waqar.

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An Introduction To Morphology

1. What is morphology?

2. How many types of words are there?

3. Is morphology applied to all types of words?

4. How are verbs and nouns conjugated?

1. Morphology is a science that discusses the change of a word into various forms in order to achieve the desired meaning. For example, the changing of صَدَقَ to صادِق. This science also discusses the change of a word without changing its meaning. For example: قَوَلَ to قالَ. All of the changes that are made are called conjugation.

2. There are three types of words: nouns, ex: رَجُل, verbs, ex: شَرِبَ, and prepositions, ex: عَلَیَ

3. Morphology is applied to nouns and verbs, nothing else, because they are conjugated into different forms. It is not applied to prepositions because they remain in one form.

4. Verbs are conjugated by putting them into the preterit, aorist, and imperative cases. Nouns are conjugated by putting them into the single, dual, plural, diminutive, and possessive forms.

Preterite, Aorist, and Imperative Verbs

5. What is a verb and how many types of verbs are there?

6. What is a preterit tense verb?

7. What is an aorist tense verb?

8. How are aorist tense verbs formed?

9. Is the state of the preterit tense changed if it is a triliteral verb?

10. Is the state changed if it is not a triliteral verb?

11. What is an imperative verb and how many types of imperative verbs are there?

12. What is the difference between an imperative by form and an imperative by a lām?

13. How are imperative verbs formed?

14. How is the vowel sign of the alif added to the beginning of imperative verbs determined?

5. A verb is a word that indicates a state, for example حَسُنَ or an action, for example: یأخُذُ in the past, present, or future. There are three types of verbs: preterit, aorist, and imperative.

6. A preterit tense verb is a verb that indicates a state or action that happened in the past, for example: کَرُمَ

7. An aorist tense verb is a verb that indicates a state or action that is happening in the present or will happen in the future. For example: یَحسُنُ

Point: an aorist tense verb is specifically used for the future when a sīn or سوف is added to the beginning of it, for example: سأکتُبُ

Point: It indicates the past when it comes after the jussive لَم or لَمَّا , for example: زُُرتُکَ و لم تکن في البیتِ

8. An aorist tense verb is formed from the preterite form by adding an aorist letter to the beginning of it. This letter has a dummah if it is quadriliteral, for example: یُزَخرِفُ and it has a fathah in any other case, for example: یَلمَعُ

9. If the preterite form is triliteral, the first root letter is given and sakūn and the second root letter is given a dummah, fathah, or kasrah. For example: یَنصُرُ ، یَفتَحُ ، یَجلِسُ

10. If the preterite form is not triliteral and it has an additional tā' added to the beginning, it will remain the same, for example: یَتَعَلَّمُ. If this is not the case the glottal stop at the beginning will be erased and the letter before the last letter will be given a kasrah, for example: یُرسِلُ

11. The imperative tense verb is a verb that asks for a state or action in the future. For example: اُکتُب. There are two types of imperatives: imperative by form and imperative by lām.

12. The imperative by form is only used with the second person in the active voice, for example: اِجتَهِد. The imperative by lām is used with everything else in the active or passive voice, for example: لِیُکافإ المُجتهِدُ

13. The imperative form is formed from the aorist tense by erasing the aorist letter from the beginning. Then, if the letter after the erased aorist letter has a vowel sign this will be the form, for example: تَعَلَّم. But, if the letter after the erased aorist letter has a sakūn a glottal stop will be added to the beginning of the word, for example: اِنتَبِه

14. The added glottal stop in the imperative form is given a dummah when the aorist tense verb is triliteral and the second root letter has a dummah, for example: اُنظُر. It is given a fathah when the verb is quadriliteral, for example: أکرِم. It is given a kasrah when any other case, for example: اِعلَم. So, when the verb is quadriliteral the glottal stop is a qat‛ glottal stop and in every other case it is a wasl glottal stop.

Verbs With and Without Increase Letters Added To Their Roots

15. What is the difference between verbs without increase letters added to their root and with increase letters added to their root?

16. How many forms do the triliteral verbs without increase letters have?

17. How many forms do the quadriliteral verbs without increase letters have?

15. A verb without increase letters is a verb that only has its root letters, for example: نَصَرَ. A verb with increase letters is a verb that has one or more letters added to its root, for example: أکرَمَ

16. There are six forms for the triliteral verb without increase letters which stems from the different vowel signs given to the second root letter of the preterite and aorist tenses.

فَعَلَ یَفعِلُ مثل جَلَسَ یَجلِسُ

فَعَلَ یَفعُلُ مثل نَصَرَ یَنصُرُ

فَعَلَ یَفعَلُ مثل فَتَحَ یَفتَحُ

فَعِلَ عَفعَلُ مثل عَلِمَ یَعلَمُ

فَعِلَ یَفعِلُ مثل حَسِبَ یَحسِبُ

فَعُلَ یَفعُلُ مثل کَرُمَ یَکرُمُ

There is no way to know the form of a certain verb other than looking it up in a dictionary.

17. There is one form of quadriliteral verbs without increase letters:

فَعلَلَ یُفَعلِلَ مثل دَحرَجَ یُدَحرِجُ

Triliteral and Quadriliteral Verbs with Increase Letters

18. How many types of triliteral verbs with increase letters are there?

19. How many types of quadriliteral verbs with increase letters are there?

20. Why are letters added to the verb?

18. There are three types of triliteral verbs with increase letters. First, triliteral verbs with one increase letter: فَعَّلَ یُفَعِّلُ ، أفعَلَ یُفعِلُ ، فاعَلَ یُفاعِلُ. Second, triliteral verbs with two increase letters: تَفَعَّلَ یَتَفَعَّلُ ، تَفاعَلَ یَتَفاعَلُ ، اِفتَعَلَ یَفتَعِلُ ، اِنفَعَلَ یَنفَعِلُ ، اِفعَلَّ یَفعَلُّ. Third, triliteral verbs with three increase letters: اِستَفعَلَ یَستَفعِلُ ، اِفعَوعَلَ یَفعَوعِلُ.

19. There are two types of quadriliteral verbs with increase letters. First, quadriliteral verbs with one increase letter: تَفَعلَلَ یَتَفَعلَلُ. Second, quadriliteral verbs with two increase letters: اِفعَنلَلَ یَفعَنلِلُ ، اِفعَلَلَّ یَفعَلِلُ.

20. Increase letters are not added to a verb unless to change the meaning of the verb. For example: أفعَلَ and فَعَّلَ are to convert the verb into the transitive form as in أکرَمَ. فاعَل and تفاعل denote a form of dual participation as in شارکتُهُ. تفعّل is to make the فعّل reflexive as in عَلَّمتُهُ فَتَعَلَّمَ. انفعل and افتعل are to make the فَعَلَ reflexive as in نَثرتُهُ فانتَثَرَ. افعلّ is used with an adjective as in احمَرَّ. استفعل denotes asking for something as in استَغفَرَ. تفعلل is to make the فعلل reflexive as in دَحرَجتُهُ فَتَدَحرَجَ. All of the other forms are used for emphasis.

Sound and Unsound Verbs

21. How many forms of verbs without increase letters are there with respect to their letters being sound or weak?

22. How many types of sound verbs are there?

23. How many types of unsound verbs are there?

24. How many types of cluster verbs are there?

25. When is a verb considered a verb with a hamza, a verb with double letters, or a verb with weak letters?

21. There are two types of verbs without increase letters: sound verbs, ex: أخَذَ and unsound verbs, ex: وَعَدَ.

22. There are three types of sound verbs: One, perfect verbs. These are verbs that do not have a hamza in its root nor any duplicate letters, for example: نَصَرَ. Two, Double-lettered verbs. These are verbs that have two identical letters in there root, for example: مَدَّ. Three, verbs that have a hamza in their root, for example: أکَلَ.

23. There are three types of unsound verbs: One, quasi-sound verbs. These are verbs whose first root letter is a weak letter, for example: وَعَدَ. Two, hollow verbs. These are verbs whose second root letter is a weak letter, for example: قالَ. Third, defective verbs. These are verbs whose third root letter is a weak letter, for example: دَعا.

24. There are two types of cluster verbs: a cluster verb whose first and third root letters are weak, for example: وَفیَ and a cluster verb whose second and third root letters are weak, for example: شَویَ.

25. Verbs with a hamza, a verb with double letters, or a verb with weak letters are only considered sound or unsound when the mentioned letters are in its root.

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

26. What is the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs?

27. When is a verb intransitive?

28. How can an intransitive verb be made transitive?

29. How can a transitive verb be made intransitive?

26. A transitive verb is a verb who, in addition to its agent, occurs on an objective compliment, for example: بَرَیتُ القَلَمَ. An intransitive verb only occurs with an agent, for example: أثمَرَتِ الشَّجَرَةُ. The transitive verb is connected to its objective compliment with preposition or without a preposition but an intransitive verb suffices itself with its agent.

27. A verb intransitive if it denotes a natural characteristic as in شَجُعَ, a form as in طالَ, a color as in زَرِقَ, a defect as in عَوِرَ, a decoration as in غَیِدَ, being clean as in طَهُرَ, Being unclean as in قَذُرَ, being secluded as in فَرَغَ, being full as in شَبِعَ, and different natural states such as مَرِضَ.

28. An intransitive verb is made transitive by adding a hamza to the beginning of the word, for example: أکرَمَ, or doubling the second root letter, for example: کَرَّمَ, or by a jār preposition, for example: رَغِبتُ في العلمِ.

29. A transitive verb is made intransitive if it is put in the forms of mutawa'ah, for example: جمَّعتُهُ فَتَجَمَّعَ.

Active and Passive Verbs

30. What is the difference between active and passive verbs?

31. What is a passive verb formed from?

30. An active verb mentions its agent, as in بَرَیَ التِّلمیذُ قَلَماً. A passive verb erases its agent and places its objective compliment as its subject of the predication, as in بُرِيَ القَلَمُ.

31. A passive verb is formed from an active transitive verb. If it is in the preterite tense, the letter before the last letter is given a kasrah and the letters with vowel signs before it are given dummahs. For example: أُکِلَ. If the verb is in the aorist tense, the letter before the last letter is given a fathah and the aorist letter is given a dummah. For example: یُؤکَلُ.

If the letter before the last letter in the preterite tense is an alif, it will be changed to a yā' and the letter before it will be given a kasrah. For example: صِیمَ.

If the verb is a hollow verb in the aorist tense, the letter before the last is changed into an alif. For example: یُعادُ.

Conjugation of A Verb With Its Pronoun

32. What happens to a verb if it is related to a mentioned noun or an implied nominative pronoun?

33. Does a verb change if it is related to a clear nominative pronoun?

34. What is the difference between an implied pronoun and a clear pronoun?

35. How many clear connected nominative pronouns are there?

36. What happens to the tā'?

37. When is a nā, alif, or yā' used?

38. When is a wāw or nūn used?

39. When is the pronoun implied?

40. When is it permissible to imply a pronoun?

41. When is it obligatory to imply a pronoun?

42. When is it obligatory to imply a pronoun, being an exception to the rule?

43. Does a verb change with accusative or genitive pronouns?

32. A verb does not change if it is related to a mentioned word or an implied nominative pronoun, for example: قامَ الخَطیبُ فَتَکَلَّمَ.

33. The end of a verb should be given a sakūn if connected to a clear nominative pronoun of a sound letter, for example: دَرَستُ. The end of a verb should be given a vowel sign similar to that of the clear nominative pronoun of a weak letter, for example a dummah should be placed before a wāw, as in دَرَسُوا, a fathah should be placed before an alif, as in یَدرُسَانِ, and a kasrah should be placed before a yā', as in تَدرُسِینَ.

34. A clear pronoun is a pronoun that is written and spoken, for example: أنتَ. An implied pronoun is tacitly intended, for example: اِفهَم. In this example a 'you' is implied in the verb.

35. There are six clear connected nominative pronouns: التاء ، نا ، الألف ، الیاء ، الواو و النون المخفَّفة. These pronouns are either agents or the subject of the predications and are only connected to verbs.

36. The التاء has a dummah when it is a singular and plural first person pronoun, for example: شَرِبتُ. It has a fathah when it is a masculine singular second person pronoun, for example: شَرِبتَ. It has a kasrah when it is a feminine singular second person pronoun in the preterite tense, for example: شَرِبتِ. It also has a dummah when connected to the dual or plural signs of the second person pronouns and the feminine plural third person pronoun, for example: شَرِبتُما.

37. The نا is used for the dual and plural first person pronouns, for example: شَرِبنا. The الألف is used for all dual pronouns, for example: یَشرَبانِ. The الیاء is used in the aorist tense verbs and in commands, for example: اِشرَبي.

38. The الواو is used for plural masculine beings with intellects, for example: شَرِبُوا. The النون المخفَّفة is used for plural feminine beings with intellects, for example: شَرِبنَ.

39. A pronoun is implied in the preterite and aorist tense with the singular third person pronoun, for example: المسافرُ انطَلَقَ. It is implied in the aorist tense and command with the singular masculine second person pronoun, for example: تَسألُ. It is also implied in the aorist tense with all first person pronouns, for example: أسألُ.

40. It is permissible to imply a pronoun with third person pronouns.

41. It is obligatory to imply a pronoun with first person pronouns and singular second person pronouns.

42. It is obligatory to imply a pronoun, as an exception to the rule, in exceptive verbs, verbs of wonder, comparative/superlative verbs, in the predicate of an appropinquation verb except with the predicate of عسیَ. They are not implied when they are in the nominative state.

43. A verb does not change when connected to accusative and genitive pronouns.

Incorporation

44. What is incorporation and what are its conditions?

45. In what cases is it permissible to incorporate and not to incorporate?

46. When is it impermissible to incorporate?

44. Incorporation is when two identical letters are joined together. Its conditions are that the two letters are next to each other and the first one does not have a vowel sign while the second one does, and if the first letter has a vowel sign or is preceded by an alif, its vowel sign is erased. For example: مادَّ which was originally مادَدَ. If the first letter is preceded by a sound letter without a vowel sign, the vowel sign of the first letter is given to the letter preceding it. For example: یَمُدُّ which was originally یَمدُدُ.

45. It is permissible to incorporate and not to incorporate in two cases: One, in a singular aorist tense verb in the jussive state, as in لَم یَمُدُّ or لَم یَمدُد. The second case is in a singular command verb, as in مُدُّ or اُمدُد.

46. It is impermissible to incorporate when the verb is connected to a sound nominative pronoun with a vowel sign, for example: مَدَدتُ.

Weak Letter Transformation

47: What is weak letter transformation?

47: Weak letter transformation is the change of weak letters by erasing them, as in قُل, changing them, as in قالَ, or taking away their vowel sign, as in یَقُولُ. The purpose behind this is to make the words easy to pronounce. There are many rules regarding the transformation of weak letters which one can refer to the fourth volume of Elementary

Writing a Hamza

48. How is a hamza written when it comes at the beginning of a word?

49. How is a hamza written when it comes in the middle of a word and does not have a vowel sign?

50. How is a hamza written when it comes in the middle of a word and does have a vowel sign?

51. How is a hamza written if it has a fathah and comes after a dummah or kasrah?

52. How is a hamza written if it comes in the middle of a word and has a vowel sign while the letter before it does not have a vowel sign?

53. How is a hamza written if it comes after an alif or yā'?

54. How is a hamza written if it comes between an alif and a letter other than a yā' being a pronoun?

55. How is a hamza written if it comes at the end of a word and is preceded by a letter without a vowel sign?

56. How is a hamza written if it comes at the end of a word and is preceded by a letter with a vowel sign?

57. How is a hamza written if it comes at the end of a word, is connected to the feminine tā', and is preceded by a weak letter?

48. When a hamza is written at the beginning of a word, it is written in the form of an alif, for example: إصبَع.

49. When a hamza comes in the middle of a word and does not have a vowel sign, it is written according to the vowel sign of the letter preceding it, for example: ذِئبٌ.

50. When a hamza comes in the middle of a word and has a vowel sign, and the preceding letter has a vowel sign as well, it will take on the form of its vowel sign, for example: سَألَ.

51. If a hamza has a fathah and comes after a letter that has a kasrah or dummah, it will be written according to the vowel sign that precedes it, for example: مُؤَنٌ .

52. If a hamza comes in the middle of a word, has a vowel sign, and is preceded by a letter that does not have a vowel sign, it will be written according to its vowel sign, for example: یَیئِسُ.

53. If a hamza comes between an alif and a yā' it should be written in the form of a yā', for example: الرّاِئي.

54. If a hamza comes between an alif and a pronoun that is not a yā' there are two cases. If it has a kasrah or dummah it is written according to its vowel sign, for example: بَقاؤُهُ, but if it has a fathah it is written as a plain hamza, for example: بَقاءَهُ.

55. If a hamza comes at the end of a word and the letter before it does not have a vowel sign it is written as a plain hamza, for example: جُزءٌ.

56. If a hamza comes at the end of a word and the letter before it has a vowel sign it will be written according the vowel sign of the previous letter, for example: قَرَأ.

57. If a hamza comes at the end of a word and is connected to a feminine tā' ther e are two cases. If the letter before it is a sound letter without a vowel sign the hamza is written in the form of an alif, for example: نَسأة, but if the previous letter has a vowel sign the hamza is written according the vowels sign of the previous letter, for example: فِئَة.

58. If a hamza comes at the end of a word and is connected to a feminine tā' and preceded by a weak letter without a vowel sign, there are two cases. It is written in the form of a yā' if preceded by a yā', for example: خَطیئَة. But, it is written as a plain hamza if preceded by an alif or a wāw, for example: قِراءَة. The same rules apply to the feminine alif.

The wasl and qat‛ hamza

59. What is a wasl hamza and what is a qat‛ hamza?

60. When is the w hamza written according to rules?

61. When is the q hamza written according to rules?

59. A wasl hamza is that which is pronounced at the beginning of speech but is not pronounced in the middle of speech, for example: اِجلِس یا رَجُلُ and یا رَجُلُ اجلِس. The qat‛ hamza is that which is pronounced wherever it occurs, for example: أکرِم یا رَجُلُ and یا رَجُلُ أکرِم.

60. The wasl hamza is written according to the rules in the preterite tense of five and six-letter verbs as well as their imperative and infinitive forms. This is also the case in the imperative case of the triliteral verb. The hamza in all of these verbs is added to the beginning.

61. The qat‛ hamza is written according to the rules in the preterite tense of quadriliteral verbs, as well as their imperative and infinitive forms. This is also the case in all aorist tense verbs. This hamza is sometimes added and sometimes not, is sometimes at the beginning of the verb, sometimes in the middle of it, and sometimes at the end of it.

Non-Perfect Verbs

62. How are non-perfect verbs conjugated?

63. How is a verb with a hamza changed?

64. How is a double-lettered verb changed?

65. How is a quasi-sound verb changed?

66. How is a hollow verb changed?

67. How is a defective verb changed if the wāw, tā', or yā' pronouns are added to it?

68. How is a defective verb changed if the dual alif or nā is added to it?

62. Non-perfect verbs are like perfect verbs with regards to conjugation, except they are changed a little due to idghām in double-lettered verbs, weak letters in weak verbs, and erasing the hamza in verbs which have one.

63. If there are two hamzas at the beginning of a verb and the second one does not have a vowel sign, the second hamza will be changed into a letter that is in congruence with the vowel sign of the previous letter, for example: آمنتُ ، أومِنُ و اِیذَن which were originally أأمَنتُ ، أؤمِنُ و اِئذَن.

64. Double-lettered verbs are changed because of idghām. This is obligatory if both of the like letters have vowel signs, for example: مَدَّ. If the first letter has a vowel sign and the second letter does not it is obligatory to write them separately if the sakūn is used to connect the verb to the nominative pronoun with a vowel sign, for example: مَدَدتُ. It is permissible to do idghām or to write the letters separately if it is a aorist tense verb in the jussive case or a verb in the imperative form, for example: لم یَمُدَّ or لم یَمدُد.

65. If the verb is a quasi-sound verb without increase letters, the weak letter is a wāw, and the second root letter in the aorist tense has a kasrah the first root letter is erased in the aorist tense and the imperative form, for example: یَعِدُ. It is forbidden to erase the first root letter if the verb has increase letters, the weak letter is a yā', or the second root letter in the aorist tense does not have a kasrah, for example: أوجَزَ which becomes یُوجِزُ.

66. If a triliteral hollow verb is connected with a pronoun and its third root letter has a vowel sign, the second root letter will remain, for example: قام. But, if the third root letter does not have a vowel sign the second root letter will be erased, for example: صُمتُ.

67. If a defective verb is connected to the plural wāw or the second person yā' its third root letter will be erased. In this case, if the second root letter has a fathah, for example: رَمَی, it will remain the same, for example: رَمَوا. If the second root letter has a dummah, for example: یَدعُو or a kasrah, for example: یَرمِي, it will be given a dummah with the wāw and a kasrah with the yā', for example: یَدعُونَ. The third root letter is also erased if it is an alif connected to the feminine tā', for example: رَمَت.

68. If a defective verb is connected to the dual alif or nā and the third root letter is an alif, it will be changed back to what it originally was, for example: رَمَینا. But, if it is a verb with four or more letters, the third root letter will be changed into a yā', for example: اِهتَدَیتُ.

Emphasis and Non-Emphasis

69. When is a verb emphasized?

70. Is the nūn of emphasis added to all tenses?

71. When is the aorist tense designated for the future only?

72. Is a verb conjugated differently when the nūn of emphasis is added to it?

69. A verb is emphasized when heavy nūn of emphasis is added to it, for example: لیَبتهحَنَّ or the light nūn of emphasis is added to it, for example: لیَفرَحَن.

70. The nūn of emphasis is not added to the preterite tense at all. It is permissible to add it to the imperative form without any conditions. It is added to the aorist tense only with the condition that the aorist tense is designated for the future only.

71. An aorist tense verb is designated for the future if it is mentioned after a talab baleen or be'anf, for example: nahi, imperative, tamani, taraji, aradh, tahdhidh, for example: لا تیأسَنَّ من رحمةِ الله. Or, if it is mentioned after an oath, for example: و أبیکَ لأحفَظَنَّ عَهدَک.

72. The following is a chart of how a verb is conjugated when the nūn of emphasis is added to it.

The aorist tense: لا یَنصُرَنَّ ، لا یَنصُرانِّ ، لا یَنصُرُنَّ ، لا تَنصُرَنَّ ، لا تَنصُرانِّ ، لا یَنصُرنانِّ ، لا تَنصُرَنَّ ، لا تَنصُرانِّ ، لا تَنصُرُنَّ ، لا تَنصُرِنَّ ، لا تَنصُرانِّ ، لا تَنصُرنانِّ ، لا أنصُرَنَّ ، لا نَنصُرَنَّ

The imperative form: اُنصُرَنَّ ، اُنصُرانِّ ، اُنصُرُنَّ ، اُنصُرِنَّ ، اُنصُرانِّ ، اُنصُرنانِّ

The Conjugation of the Passive Voice

73. Where does the conjugation of the passive voice refer to?

73. The conjugation of the passive voice refers to the conjugation of the active voice, except the aorist tense of quasi-sound verbs where the first root letter is always mentioned, and the preterite tense of triliteral hollow verbs and five-letter-verbs where the kasrah that is given to the second root letter is transferred to the letter before it. If the second root letter is a wāw, in this case, it will be changed into a yā', for example: قِیلَ.

74. What is a noun?

75. How many categories of nouns are there?

76. What is a conjugational noun?

77. What is a non-conjugational noun?

78. How many types of conjugational nouns are there?

79. What is the difference between apalistic and derived nouns?

80. What is the principle derived noun?

81. How many derived nouns are there?

74. A noun is that which denotes a meaning which in itself is not accompanied by time, for example: کتاب.

75. There are two categories of nouns: conjugational and non-conjugational.

76. A conjugational noun is that which is put into the dual, plural, diminutive, and the possessive forms, for example مدینة which is put into the following forms: مَدِینتانِ ، مُدُنٌ ، مُدِینَةٌ ، و مَدَنِيٌّ.

77. A non-conjugational noun is that which remains in one state, for example: مَن which remains in the same state if it is used with a masculine or feminine word and if it is in the single, dual, or plural form.

78. There are two types of mutasaraf nouns: apalistic and derived.

79. An apalistic noun is a noun that which is derived from a verb, for example: رَجُلٌ. A derived noun is that which is taken from a noun, for example: مَریضٌ.

80. The principle derived noun is the infinitive of verbs without increase letters, but the infinitive of verbs with increase letters are also derived nouns.

81. There are eight types of derived nouns: active participle nouns, passive participle nouns, epithets, comparatives/superlatives, the exaggerated form, adverbial nouns of place, adverbial nouns of time, and instrumental nouns.

The Infinitive

82. What is an infinitive?

83. How many categories of infinitives are there?

84. How many categories of infinitives for verbs without increase letters are there?

85. Are infinitives formed by grammatical rules or are they formed by usage alone?

86. Do triliteral verbs have prominent infinitive forms?

87. How many infinitives are there for the quadriliteral verb without increase letters?

88. List the infinitives for verbs with increase letters.

82. An infinitive is that which denotes a state or an action without denoting its time, for example: حُسنٌ.

83. There are three categories of infinitives: infinitives for verbs without increase letters, infinitives for verbs with increase letters, and mīmī infinitives.

84. There are two categories of infinitives for verbs without increase letters: triliteral, for example: فَضل and quadriliteral, for example: زَلزَلة.

85. All infinitives are formed by grammatical rules except infinitives for triliteral verbs without increase letters, for there are many forms which cannot be known except by referring to dictionaries.

86. The prominent infinitive forms (that do not always occur) for triliteral verbs are as follows: the form فَعُلَ usually produces infinitives in the forms of فُعُولة ، فَعالة، و فَعَل, for example: سُهُولة. The form فَعِلَ of intransitive verbs usually produces infinitives in the forms of فَعَل و فُعُول, for example: فَرَح. The forms فَعَلَ و فَعِلَ of transitive verbs usually produce infinitives in the form of فَعل, for example: فَهم.

87. There are two infinitives for quadriliteral verbs without increase letters: فَعلَلَة و فِعلال. The second one follows the rules in double-lettered verbs, for example: وَسوَسَ وَسوَسَة و وِسواس and is according to how Arabs use them in other than double-lettered verbs, for example: دَحرَجَ دَجرَجَة و دِحراج.

88. The infinitives for verbs with increase letters are as follows:

• فَعَّلَ becomes تَفعیل و تَفعیلَة

• فاعَلَ becomes مُفاعَلَة و فِعال

• أفعَلَ becomes إفعال

• تَفَعَّلَ becomes تَفَعُّل

• تفاعَلَ becomes تَفاعُل

• اِفتَعَلَ becomes اِفتِعال

• اِنفَعَلَ becomes اِنفِعال

• اِفعَّلَ becomes اِفعِلال

• اِستَفعَلَ becomes اِستِفعال

• اِفعَوعَلَ becomes اِفعِیعال

• تَفَعلَلَ becomes تَفَعلُل

• اِفعَنلَلَ becomes اِفعِنلال

• اِفعَلَلَّ becomes اِفعِلَّال

The Mimi Infinitive and The Quasi-Infinitive Noun

89. What do you understand about the mīmī infinitive?

90. How is the mīmī infinitive formed?

91. What do you understand about the quasi-infinitive noun?

89. The mīmī infinitive is that which does not have any meaning other than that of the non- mīmī infinitive. It is formed from all verbs by adding a mīm.

90. The mīmī infinitive is formed from triliteral verbs in the form مَفعَل, for example: مَنظَر. The exceptions to this are quasi-sound verbs whose first root letter is erased in the aorist tense, these will be in the form مَفعِل, for example: مَوعِد. The mīmī infinitive is formed from verbs with more than three letters by placing them in the passive voice of the aorist tense and replacing the aorist letter with a mīm which has a dummah, for example: مُکرَم.

91. A quasi-infinitive noun is a word which indicates the meaning of an infinitive and takes a letter away from the verb either literally or implicitly, for example:اعطاء the noun ofالإعطاء .

The Nomen Vicis And The Nomen Speciei

92. What is the nomen vicis?

93. What is the nomen speciei?

92. The nomen vicis is an infinitive that intends to denote the singleness of the action. This noun is formed from triliteral verbs in the form فَعلَة , for example: مَشیَة, and from other than three letter verbs in the same form as its infinitive, ending in the feminine tā', for example: اِنطلاقَةً.

93. The nomen speciei is an infinitive that denotes the form of the action. This noun is formed from triliteral verbs in the form فِعلَة, for example: مِشیَة, from other than three letter verbs in the same form as its infinitive, ending in the feminine tā', exactly like the nomen vicis, for example: اِلتفاتَة العغَزالِ.

The Active and Passive Nouns

94. What is an active participle noun?

95. How is an active participle noun formed?

96. What is a passive participle noun?

97. How is a passive participle noun formed?

94. An active participle noun is a form that indicates that which performs an action or indicates a state, for example: کاتِب.

95. An active participle noun is formed from triliteral verbs on the form فاعِل, for example: شاکِر. It is formed from verbs with more than three letters from their active aorist form by replacing the aorist letter with a mīm that has a dummah and giving the next to last letter a kasrah. So, the verb یُکرِم becomes مُکرِم.

96. A passive participle noun is a form that indicates that which the action was performed on, for example: مَکسُور.

97. The passive participle is formed from triliteral verbs on the form مَفعُول, for example; مَنصُور. It is formed from verbs with more than three letters from their passive aorist form by replacing the aorist letter with a mīm that has a dummah, for example: مُکرَّم.

The two forms فَعُول and فَعیل are common for both the active and passive participle nouns. Sometimes they are used to mean an active participle noun, for example: صَبُور and sometimes a passive participle noun, for example: رَسُول.

The passive participle noun is formed from passive transitive verbs whether they accept an objective compliment by themselves or by a intermediary, for example: مکانٌ مَجلوسٌ فیه.

Epithet

98. What is an epithet?

99. How is an epithet formed?

98. An epithet is a form derived from an intransitive verb to denote thabut, for example: حَسَنٌ. What is meant by thabut is that it is mutlaqan in the characterized without any qayd of time. Whatever is derived from a triliteral verb with the meaning of an active participle noun but not in that form and indicates thabut is an epithet.

99. An epithet is formed from non triliteral verbs upon their active participle form, for example: مُعتدِل. It is formed from triliteral verbs that denote color, defect, or trickery in the form أفعَل, for example: أسوَد. It is formed from triliteral verbs that do not denote such things in various forms that do not have a ruling, for example: کَریم.

Comparative and Superlative Nouns

100. What is a comparative/superlative noun?

101. How is a comparative/superlative noun formed?

102. How is a comparative/superlative noun formed from verbs that have more than three letters?

100. A comparative/superlative noun is a form that indicates a characteristic of something that is greater than something else, for example: یوسفُ أکبرُ من یُونس.

101. A comparative/superlative noun is formed from triliteral verbs on the form أفعَل. The conditions are that the verb is able to be conjugated, active, complete, positive, able to be compared, and does not indicate color, defects, or trickery, for example: أنتَ أعلَمُ من أخیکَ.

102. If one wants to form a comparative/superlative from verbs that have more than three letters or from verbs that indicate color, defects, or trickery one must mention its infinitive in the accusative case being a specificative after أشدّ و أکثر or the likes. So it is said: هو أکثر احتراماً لأبیه.

The Exaggerated Forms

103. What are the exaggerated forms?

104. How many forms of exaggeration are there?

103. The exaggerated forms are adjectives that have the meaning of an active participle noun and denote great quantity of the adjective in the described word. It is not formed from anything other than triliteral verbs.

104. There are nine famous exaggeration forms, none of them are according to any rules. They are as follows:

• فَعَّال, for example: حَمَّال

• فَعَّالَة, for example: علَّامة

• مِفعَال, for example: مِقدام

• فِعِّیل, for example: صِدِّیق

• مِفعِیل, for example: مِعطِیر

• فُعَلَة, for example: ضُحَکَة

• فَعِل, for example: حَذِر

• فَعیل, for example: رَحیم

• فَعُول, for example: بَتُول

Adverbial Nouns of Place and Time and Instrumental Nouns

105. What are adverbial nouns of time and place?

106. How are adverbial nouns of time and place formed from triliteral verbs?

107. How are adverbial nouns of time and place formed from verbs with more than three letters?

108. What is an instrumental noun and how many kinds are there?

105. An adverbial noun of time is a form that indicates the place that the verb took place in, for example: مَطبَخ. An adverbial noun of time is a form that indicates the time are verb took place, for example: مَغرِب.

106. Adverbial nouns of time and place are formed from triliteral verbs on the form of مَفعَل if the verb is a sound verb whose second root letter has a dummah or a fathah in the aorist tense or if the verb is a defective verb, for example: مَجمَع. They are formed on the form of مَفعِل if the second root letter has a kasrah in the aorist tense or is a quasi-sound verb in the preterite tense, for example: مَجلِس. There are rare exceptions to this rule, for example: مَطلِع و مَغرِب و مَشرِق whose second root letter has a dummah in the aorist tense.

107. Adverbial nouns of time and place are formed from verbs with more than three letters in the same way as their passive participle noun or their mīmī infinitive form, for example: مُنصَرَف.

108. The instrumental noun is a form that indicates a tool of an action. They are derived and non-derived. There are no rules for the instrumental nouns that are not derived, for example: جَرَس. The derived instrumental nouns are formed from transitive triliteral verbs and there are three forms: مِفعَل for example: مِبرَد, مِفعَلَة for example: مِکنَسَة, and مِفعَال for example: مِفتَاح.

The Structure of a Noun

109. How many letters does a noun have?

110. Can a noun that has erased letters be less than two letters?

109. Principally, a noun has three letters, for example: قَلَم, four letters, for example: جَعفَر, or five letters, for example: سَفَرجَل. Any noun that has less than three letters or more than five letters has either erased letters or added letters.

110. The erasing that takes place in nouns stops at leaving the word with two letters, for example: أبٍ which is originally أبوٌ. It does not become less than this unless it is a diptote, in this case it can be one letter, for example the pronoun tā' or two letters, for example: مَن.

Maqsur, Mamdud and Manqus Nouns

111. How many types of declinable nouns are their in respects to the end of the word?

112. In how many cases is a maqsūr noun stemmed from a defective verb?

113. In how many cases is a mamdūd noun stemmed from a defective verb?

114. In how many cases is a manqūs noun stemmed from a sound verb?

111. There are three types of declinable nouns in respects to the end of the word. The first kind is a maqsūr noun which is a noun that ends in a necessary alif, for example: الفَتیَ. The second kind is a mamdūd noun which is a noun that ends in a hamzah preceded by an added alif, for example: سَماء. The third type is a manqūs noun which is a noun that ends in a necessary yā' preceded by a kasrah, for example: الدّاِعِي.

112. A maqsūr noun stems from a defective verb in four cases: First, when it is in the form أفعَل indicating a color, defect, trickery, or the superlative/comparative case, for example: الأحویَ. Second, in adverbial nouns of time and place and mīmī infinitives, for example: المَرمیَ. Third, in the plural of the form فِعلَة, for example: الحِلیَ. Fourth, the infinitive of the intransitive form فَعِلَ, for example: الرِّضَیَ.

113. A mamdūd noun stems from a defective noun in five cases: First, in infinitives of verbs with increase letters, for example: الإعطاء. Second, what is formed from the infinitives in the form تأساء. Third, the exaggerated form فَعَّال, for example: بَطَّاء. Fourth, the form فِعَال which is made plural in the formأفعِلَة, for example: رِداء. Fifth, the infinitives of the form فَعَلَ of verbs which indicate sound or sickness, for example: المُشاء.

114. A mamdūd noun stems from a sound verb in the female form of أفعَل indicating a color, for example: الحَمرَاء. All other mamdūd nouns do not have grammatical rules, for example: الأناء.

Rules Pertaining to the Dual Form

115. How many types of nouns are there?

116. How is the dual form formed?

117. How is a maqsūr noun put into the dual form?

118. How is a mamdūd noun put into the dual form?

119. How are nouns whose third root letter becomes erased put into the dual form?

115. There are three types of nouns: singular (a noun that indicates one item), dual (a noun that indicates two items), and plural (a noun that indicates more than two items).

116. The dual form is formed by adding an alif and nūn to the end of the singular noun when it is in the nominative case, for example: حَضَرَ الرَّجُلانِ or by adding a yā' and nūn to the end of the singular noun when it is in the accusative or genitive cases, for example: اِشتریا الکتابَینِ.

117. A triliteral maqsūr noun is put into the dual form returning its alif into its original state, for example عَصَا becomes عَصَوَان. If it is formed from a noun with more than three letters the alif is changed into a yā', for example: المُصطفیَ becomes المُصطَفَیان. If the yā' of a manqūs noun is erased it is returned when put into the dual form, for example: هادٍ becomes هادِیان.

118. If the mamdūd hamzah was added to put the noun in the feminine case it will be changed to a wāw, for example: حَمراء becomes حَمرَاوَان. If it was an original part of the word it will remain, for example: قَرَّاء becomes قَرَّاءان. If it was changed into an hamzah from a wāw or a yā' it is permissible to do one of the two previous actions, for example one can say دُعاءان or دُعاوان.

119. The third root letter in nouns whose third root letter is erased, for example أب returns when put into the dual form, for example: أبَوانِ. There are exceptions, for example: ید becomes یدان.

Sound Masculine Plural

120. How many types of plurals are there?

121. How is a sound masculine plural formed?

122. Are there exceptions to this rule?

123. Are all nouns pluralized in this way?

124. What is the condition of this plural of names?

125. What are the conditions of this plural of adjectives?

126. What are added to adjectives?

120. There are three types of plurals: sound masculine plurals, sound feminine plurals, and broken plurals.

121. The general rule regarding sound masculine plurals is that its single form is not changed and a wāw and nūn with a fathah is added to the end of the word when it is in the nominative case and a yā' and nūn with a fathah is added to the end of the word when it is in the accusative or genitive cases. For example: مُرسَلون َ و مُرسَلینَ.

122. The exceptions to this rule are: manqūs nouns; their yā' is erased and the letter before the wāw is given a dummah or the letter before the yā' is given a kasrah, for example: هادُونَ, maqsūr nouns; their alif is erased and the letter before the wāw or yā' keeps its fathah indicating the alif, for example: مصطَفَونَ, and mamdūd nouns; which undertake the same change as is given to it in the dual form, for example: بَنَّاؤُونَ.

123. The only nouns that are pluralized in this form are masculine proper nouns with intellects and their characteristics.

124. The condition for names is that they do not have the feminine tā' and are not compound names, for example: سَعیدونَ.

125. The conditions of adjectives are that they do not have a tā' that can be used in a feminine case, they do not indicate the superlative or comparative form, they are not in the form أفعل فَعلاء, they are not in the form فَعلان فَعلیَ, and they are not a word whose usage is the same in the masculine and feminine cases, for example: عالِمونَ.

126. The relative noun is added to adjectives due to their similarities, for example: لُبنانیُّونَ.

Sound Feminine Plural

127. How is a sound feminine plural formed?

128. Are there exceptions to this rule?

129. What is a sound feminine plural attributed to?

127. The general principle of a sound feminine plural is that an alif and tā' are added to the end of the noun without changing the singular form of the noun, for example: مریمات .

128. There are three exceptions to this rule: first, words that end with a feminine tā'; the tā' is erased and then the letters are added, for example: مؤمنات which was مؤمنة. Second, in maqsūr and mamdūd nouns; the same actions taken in the dual form apply in the sound feminine plural as well, for example: فُضلَیات و رَحَیَات و عَصَوَات و صحراوات. Third, triliteral nouns (non-adjectives) whose first root letter has a fathah; if the second root letter is sound and does not have a vowel sign it is given a fathah, for example: تَمَرَات which was تَمرَة.

129. A sound feminine plural is attributed to female names, for example: هِند, words that end in a feminine sign, for example: جمیلة, infinitives if they have more than three letters, for example: إحسان, masculine non-rational beings in the diminutive form, for example: دُرَیهِم and as adjectives, for example: معدود.

Broken Plurals

130. What is a broken plural?

131. How many types of broken plurals are there?

132. What do you understand from a plural of a plural?

133. Can a plural be made plural?

134. How can a plural be made plural?

135. What is a quasi-plural noun?

136. What is a quasi-plural?

137. Are quasi-plural nouns and quasi-plural nouns made plural?

130. A broken plural is a plural that changes the singular form of the noun, either by adding letters, for example: رجال the plural of رَجُل, or by erasing letters, for example: رُسُل the plural of رَسُول, or by changing the vowel signs, for example: أسُد the plural of أسَد.

131. There are two types of broken plurals: a plural of paucity, which is a plural that indicates three to ten, and a plural of multitude, which is a plural that indicates three or more. There are four forms for the plural of paucity: أفعُل, for example: أنفُس, أفعال, for example: أجداد, أفعِلَة, for example: أعمدَة, and فِعلَة, for example فِتیَة. Any other form used as a broken plural is a plural of multitude and if these forms are used in any other way they are being used figuratively.

132. The form of a plural of a plural is any plural where after there are two letters with vowel signs after an added alif, for example: دَراهِم, or if a yā' falls in between three letters, for example: ریاحِین.

133. A plural is made plural to increase the number of whatever it is making plural, for example:الأیادي which is the plural of الأیدي which is the plural ofالید.

134. A plural is made plural in the same way that a singular noun is made plural according to its form, therefore the plural of أکلُب would be أکالِب or the plural of أظفار would be أظافیر. These are the only two forms that are used to make a plural plural.

135. A quasi-plural noun is that which indicates a group, not an instance from the group. For example: شَعب.

136. A quasi-plural is that which indicates a group, the difference between this and a quasi-sound noun is by a tā', for example تُفَّاحَة, or by a yā', for example: إفرَنجي.

137. A quasi-plural noun and a quasi-plural is made plural in the same way as singular nouns according to their forms, as an example the plural of قوم becomes أقوام.

Rules of Broken Plurals

138. Are there rules for broken plurals or not?

139. In how many places are there rules for broken plurals in regards to nouns?

140. In how many places are there rules for broken plurals in regards to adjectives?

138. Most of the time there are no rules for broken plurals except for a few forms of nouns and adjectives.

139. There are rules in the following forms of nouns on how they are made into broken plurals:

• فَعل، فُعل، فَعل، فَعَل و فَعِل become أفعال, for example: قُفل becomes أقفال.

• فِعلَة becomes فِعَل, for example: عِبرَة becomes عِبَر

• فُعلَة becomes فُعَل, for example: صُورَة becomes صُوَر

• Any triliteral noun where an alif or wāw is added after its first root letter becomes فَوَاعِل, for example: خاتَم becomes خَواتِم

• أفعل (regardless of what vowel sign its hamzah or second root letter have) becomes أفاعِل, for example: إصبَع becomes أصابِع

• Any feminine noun whose third letter is a long vowel becomes فَعائل , for example: کنیسة becomes کَنائس

• All quadriliteral nouns where a long vowel is added before its last letter become فَعالیل, for example: عُصفور becomes عَصافیر

140. There are rules in the following forms of adjectives on how they are made into broken plurals:

• أفعل فَعلاء becomes فُعل, for example: أخضَر becomes خُضر

• Comparative/superlative forms become أفاعِل, for example أکبر becomes أکابِر

• Defective verbs in the form فاعل become فُعَلَة, for example رامٍ becomes رُماة, and hollow verbs in the same form that indicate making or building something become فَعَلَة, for example: حاک becomes حَیَکَة, and all other words in this form become فُعَّل أو فُعّال و فَعَلَة و فُعَلاء

• فاعِلة becomes فَواعل or فُعَّل, for example: عاذِلة becomes عَواذِل و عُذَّل

• فَعیل if it has the meaning of an accusative indicating a form of tribulation becomes فَعلیَ for example: جریح becomes جَرحیَ

• فَعیل when it means an actor becomes أفعال, for example: شَریف becomes أشراف, if it indicates a character trait it becomes فُعَلاء و فعال, for example: کَریم becomes کُرماء و کرام, and if it is a double-lettered word or a defective word it becomes أفعلاء, for example: شقي becomes أشقیاء

• فَعُول meaning an actor becomes فُعَل or أفعال, for example: صَبور becomes صُبَر

• فَعلان فَعلیَ becomes فُعالی or فِعال, for example: سکران becomes سُکاری

Nouns and Epithets

141. What is a noun?

142. What is an epithet?

143. Can all nouns be described?

144. What words are added to epithet?

141. A noun is a word that can be used for a person, یوسف, animal, بهیمة, or thing, کتاب, or a meaning, إحسان

142. An epithet is any word that describes a noun, for example: کریم.

143. All apalistic nouns can be described. The derived words that can be described are adverbial nouns of time and place and instrumental nouns. The rest of them are epithets.

144. Two types of words are added to the category of epithets: a relative noun, for example: بیروتي, and an apalistic noun that indicates the meaning of a derived noun, for example: رأیت قائداً أسداً, and lion here means brave. The epithet must follow the word it is describing in number and gender.

Generic and Proper Nouns

145. What is a generic noun?

146. What is a proper noun and how many types of proper nouns are there?

147. What is the ruling regarding a compound proper noun?

148. Does a proper noun become indefinite?

145. A generic noun is a word that is applicable for every instance of it and does not indicate one instance disregarding another, for example: کتاب.

146. A proper noun is a word that indicates one instance of a genius without regarding another. There are two types of proper nouns; a singular proper nouns, for example: سلیم, and compound which is either by a compliment to a prefixed noun, for example: عَبد الله, a real compound, for example: بَیتَ لحم, or attribute, for example: تأبَّط شراً.

147. The ruling regarding a compound due to a compliment to a prefixed noun is that the prefixed word is put into whatever state that the previous situation calls for and the compliment is put into the genitive state, for example: جاء عبدُاللهِ. The ruling regarding the real compound noun is that the first word is indeclinable with a fathah and the second letter is declinable, for example: أعجبتني بَیتَ لحمُ. The ruling regarding the compliment due to being an attribute is that both words accept the signs of whatever state they are in, for example: تأبَّطَ شراً. Proper nouns are also divided into metonymy, which start with āb or um, for example: أبو یوسف and nicknames, which can either be positive or negative, for example: المصطفی which is the nickname of the last Prophet, Muhammad (s).

Masculine And Feminine Nouns

149. What are masculine and feminine nouns?

150. How many feminine signs are there?

151. How many types of feminine nouns are there?

152. When is a femininity of a noun real?

153. How is a masculine noun (human or animal) made feminine?

154. How is an epithet made feminine?

155. Are there any exceptions to the rule regarding making an epithet feminine?

156. How many epithets are there that are used in the masculine and feminine sense with one word?

157. What are the rules regarding فعول with the meaning of an actor and فعیل with the meaning of an accusative?

158. What are the rules regarding فعیل with the meaning of an actor and فعول with the meaning of an accusative?

149. A masculine noun is that which indicates a male person or animal, for example: أب. A feminine noun is that which indicates femininity, for example: أم.

150. There are three feminine signs: the feminine tā', for example: عالِمَة, alif maqsūrah, for example: سَلمیَ, and an added alif mamdūdah, for example: حَسناء

151. There are three types of feminine nouns: grammatically, this is a noun that indicates masculinity but has a feminine sign, for example: مُعاویة, real, this is a noun that indicates femininity but does not have a feminine sign, for example: مریم, grammatically and real, this is a noun that indicates femininity and has a feminine sign, for example: لَطیفَة.

152. The real feminine noun is applied to four cases: feminine names, for example: مریم, nouns that are exclusive for females, for example: أخت, names of cities, civilizations, and tribes, for example: الشام, and the names of dual body parts, for example: عَین.

153. A masculine name (human or animal) is made feminine by adding the feminine tā' to the end of the word, for example سلیم becomes سلیمة.

154. Epithets are made feminine by adding a feminine tā' to the end of masculine epithets, for example: مُؤمن becomes مُؤمنة.

155. The exceptions to the rule of making epithets feminine are: epithets in the form فعلان, they are made feminine by putting them in the form فَعلیَ, for example سَکران becomes سَکرَیَ, and epithets in the form أفعَل which is made feminine in the form فَعلاء, for example أخضَر becomes خَضراء, and the superlative/comparative form which is made feminine in the form فُعلیَ, for example: أکرَم becomes کُرمیَ.

156. The epithets that are used for both feminine and masculine words in one form are: فَعَّالة مثل علَّامة و مِفعَال مثل مِفضال و مِفعیل مثل مِعطیر و فَعُول الفاعل مثل صَبور و فَعیل المفعول مثل قَتیل

157. Whenever فَعُول has the meaning of an actor and فَعیل has the meaning of an accusative they are used interchangeably with masculine and feminine words. If the described word is not mentioned a feminine tā' is added to it, for example: هذه جریحة.

158. Whenever فَعُول has the meaning of an accusative and فَعیل has the meaning of an actor the feminine tā' is always used to make it feminine, for example بَقرةٌ حَلوبة.

Possessive Nouns

159. What is a possessive noun?

160. What is the ruling of possessive noun?

161. How is a word ending in a hamzah made into a possessive noun?

162. How is a word ending in an alif made into a possessive noun?

163. How is a word ending in a yā' made into a possessive noun?

164. How is a word ending in a doubled yā' made into a possessive noun?

165. How is the form فعیلة made into a possessive noun?

166. How is a triliteral noun whose third root letter has been erased made into a possessive noun?

159. A possessive noun is a noun where a doubled yā' is added to the end it in order to relate it to something, for example: لبنان becomes لبنانيّ.

160. The ruling of a possessive noun is that the feminine tā' and the signs of the dual and plural forms should be erased from the word and the letter that comes before the possessive yā' is always given a kasrah, for example: عراقین becomes عراقيّ.

161. If the noun ends in a hamzah and one wants to make it into a possessive noun there are three cases: first, if it is a feminine hamzah it is changed to a wāw, for example: بیضاء becomes بَیضاويّ. Second, if it is a replacement of a weak letter one can either change it to a wāw or have it remain as it is, for example: سَماء becomes سَماويّ or سَمائيّ. Third, if it is an original letter it is not changed, for example: قرّاء becomes قرّائيّ.

162. If the noun ends in an alif and one wants to make it into a possessive noun there are three cases: first, if the alif is the third letter it is changed into a wāw, for example: فتیَ becomes فَتَويّ. Second, if it is the fourth letter and the second letter of the word does not have a vowel sign it is changed into a wāw, for example: معنیَ becomes مَعنَوِيّ. Third, the alif is erased if it is the fifth letter or greater, for example: خُزَامیَ becomes خُزاميّ.

163. If the noun ends in a yā' and one wants to make it into a possessive noun the yā' is changed into a wāw and the letter before it is given a fathah, for example: الشجيّ becomes الشَجَويّ. The exception is if the yā' comes after a sound letter without a vowel sign, in this case it is not changed, for example: ظَبي becomes ظَبیيّ.

164. If the noun ends in a doubled yā' and one wants to make it into a possessive noun there are three cases: first, if it is after one letter, the second yā' is changed into a wāw and the first is given its original form with a fathah, for example: حيّ becomes حَیَويّ. Second, if it is after two letters, the first yā' is erased and the second is changed into a wāw and the letter before it is given a fathah, for example: نَبيّ becomes نَبَوِيّ. Third, if it is after three or more letters the word remains the same, for example: کرسي becomes کرسيٌ.

165. If the noun is in the form فعیلة and one wants to make it into a possessive noun the yā' is erased and the letter before it is given a fathah, for example: مدینة becomes مَدَنيّ. The exception to this rule is if the second root letter is weak or doubled, in this case the yā' is not erased, for example: طَوِیلة becomes طَویليّ.

166. If the noun is a trilateral noun whose third letter is erased and two letters remain and one wants to make it into a possessive noun the erased letter returns in the possessive form, for example: أب becomes أبَويّ. If a feminine tā' replaces the erased letter, it will be erased and the original letter will be brought back, for example: سنة becomes سنويّ.

The Diminutive Form

167. What is the diminutive form?

168. What is the ruling of the diminutive form?

169. What happens in the diminutive form of quadriliteral nouns?

170. How is a word whose second letter is weak put into the diminutive form?

171. How is a word whose third letter is weak put into the diminutive form?

172. How is a word whose fourth letter is a wāw or an alif put into the diminutive form?

167. The diminutive form adding a yā' without a vowel sign after the second letter of a declinable noun to indicate smallness, for example: دُرَیهِمات, humiliation, for example: رُجَیل, or amazement, for example: بُنَيّ.

168. The ruling of the diminutive form is that the first letter of the word is given a dummah and the second letter is given a fathah, for example: عَبد becomes عُبَید.

169. If the word has four letters or more the letter after the yā' is given a kasrah, for example: دِرهَم becomes دُرَیهِم, unless it is connected to a feminine tā', for example: مهرة becomes مُهَیرَة or if it is a proper noun or an adjective that ends in an added alif and nūn, for example: سَلمان becomes سُلَیمان.

170. If the second letter of the word is weak and has been changed it will be changed back to its original form, for example: باب becomes بُوَیب.

171. If the weak letter is an alif or a wāw it will be changed into a doubled yā' in the diminutive form, for example: عَصا becomes عُصَيٌّ. If it is a yā' it is doubled in the diminutive form, for example: جمیل becomes جُمَیِّل.

172. If a word whose fourth letter is a wāw or alif is put into the diminutive form they will be changed into a yā', for example: عُصفور becomes عُصَیفیر.

Declination

173. What is declination?

174. Are all nouns declinable?

175. What verbs are declinable?

176. What are the names of the declinable states?

177. How many types of declinable words are there?

178. What are vowel-declinable words?

179. What are lettered declinable words, representing vowel-signed ones?

180. What are the five nouns and how are they declined?

181. How is the dual form declined?

182. How is the sound masculine plural declined?

183. What are the five verbs and how are they declined?

173. Declination is the changing of the end of nouns and verbs due the change in their state, for example: قَدِمَ الغائبُ و رأیتُ الغائبَ و سلّمتُ علی الغائبِ.

174. All nouns are declinable except for certain nouns which will be discussed in the indeclination section.

175. The aorist tense from among the verbs is declinable except in the feminine nūn or the nūn of emphasis is added to it.

176. The names of the states of declination are: nominative, accusative and subjunctive, genitive, and jussive. The nominative, subjunctive, and jussive states are for verbs and the nominative, accusative, and genitive states are for nouns.

177. There are two types of declinable words: vowel-declinable words and lettered-declinable words.

178. There are four types of vowel-declinable words: single nouns, broken plurals, feminine sound plurals, and aorist tense verbs without clear nominative pronouns. All of these have a dummah in the nominative state, a fathah in the accusative or subjunctive state except the feminine sound plural which has a kasrah, a kasrah in the genitive case except for words that do not conjugate which have a fathah, and a sakūn in the jussive case except for verbs whose last letter is weak, in this case the letter is erased, for example: لم یدعُ.

179. There are four lettered declinable words: the five nouns, the dual form, the masculine sound plurals, and the five verbs.

180. The five nouns are: أبٌ و أخٌ و حَمٌ و فَمٌ و ذُو. The condition on فَمٌ is that its mīm is erased. All of these nouns are given a wāw in the nominative state, for example: جاء أبوه, an alif in the accusative state, for example: رأیتُ أخاه, and a yā' in the genitive state, for example: مَررتُ بذي أدَبٍ.

181. The dual form is given an alif in the nominative state, for example: جَلَسَ الرّجُلانِ and a yā' in the accusative and genitive states, for example: أحضَرتُ الغائبَینِ و ذَهَبتُ بالحاصرَینِ.

182. A sound masculine plural is given a wāw in the nominative state, for example: وَصَلَ القادمونَ and a yā' in the accusative and genitive states, for example: اِستَقبَلنا القادمونَ و رَحَّبنا بالقادمونَ.

183. The five verbs are the aorist tense verbs that are connected to the dual alif, the plural wāw, or the second person yā', for example: یَفعَلان و تَفعَلان و یَفعَلون و تَفعَلون و تَفعَلین. The nūn remains in the nominative state and is erased in the subjunctive and jussive states, for example: لم یَذهَبا و لن تَذهَبي.

Implied Declinable Signs

184. When are the signs of declination implied?

185. When is the wāw implied?

186. When is the nominative nūn implied?

187. When is the sakūn implied?

184. There are four cases when the signs of declination are implied: declinable nouns that end in an alif, for example: الفتیَ, nouns that are prefixed to a first person yā', for example: غلامي, declinable words that end in a wāw preceded by a dummah or a yā' preceded by a kasrah, for example: یَدعُو القاصي, and in words whose last letter is erased, for example: قاضٍ. All vowel signs are implied when the word ends in an alif because an alif cannot take a vowel sign. The vowel signs are implied in nouns that are prefixed to a first person yā' because the last letter has to receive a kasrah in relation to the yā'. The vowel sign is implied in the third case due to difficulty in pronunciation. A fathah is able to come in the third case, for example: لن یَدعُوَ القاصيَ, a wāw and yā' can receive vowel signs if they are preceded by a letter without a vowel sign, for example: دَلوٌ, if the last letter is erased the dummah and kasrah are implied while the fathah remains, for example: رأیتُ قاضیاً.

185. The wāw is implied in masculine sound plurals in the nominative state which are prefixed to a first person yā', for example: جاءَ مُکرِميَّ. We would say that this word is in the nominative state and its sign is a wāw that has turned into a yā' because of incorporation.

186. The nominative nūn is implied in two cases: if it comes before a nūn of emphasis, for example: هل تُکرِمانَّ or if it comes before the nūn of separation, for example: هل تُکرِمُوني.

187. The sakūn is implied if it follows a letter without a vowel sign, for example: احترام الشیوخَ. In this case the mīm is given a kasrah so two letters without vowel signs will not occur together.

Conjugational and Non-Conjugational Declinable Nouns

188. What is a conjugational declinable noun?

189. What is a non-conjugational declinable noun?

190. How many types of nouns are there that do not conjugate?

191. When is a proper noun non-conjugational?

192. What condition makes an adjective non-conjugational?

193. When is a plural non-conjugational?

194. What condition makes a noun ending in a feminine alif non-conjugational?

195. When does a non-conjugational noun receive a kasrah?

188. A conjugational declinable noun is a noun which accepts nunation and all vowel signs, for example: جاءنا رجلٌ عالِمٌ.

189. A non-conjugational declinable noun is a noun that does not accept a kasrah or nunation; it is limited in accepting a dummah and a fathah only, for example: قَدِمَ إبرهیمُ و سافَرتُ مَعَ یُوسفَ.

190. The nouns which do not conjugate are: singular proper nouns and singular adjectives, plurals in the forms مَفاعِل and مَفاعِیل, and any noun that ends in the feminine alif.

191. Proper nouns are non-conjugational in six cases: First, if it ends in an additional alif and nūn, for example: عثمان. Second, if it is in a form similar to a verb, for example: أحمَد. Third, if it is an insignificant compound, for example: بَعلَبَکَّ. Fourth, if it is feminine, be it grammatically (مُعاویة), real (مریم), or grammatically and real (وردة). Fifth, if it is a non-Arabic word consisting of more than three letters, for example: إبراهیم. Sixth, if it is transformed, for example: عُمَرwhich is transformed from عامر.

193. Plurals become non-conjugational when they have the following forms: مَفاعِل for example: مَساجِد or مَفاعِیل for example: مَصابِیح.

194. Maqsūr and mamdūd nouns ending in the feminine alif are non-conjugational whether they are singular or plural or proper or adjective on the condition that the alif is additional, not an original letter of the word and that it has four letters or more, for example: سَلمیَ.

195. A non-conjugational noun is but in the genitive form by giving it a kasrah when it is the compliment of a prefixed noun or given the alif-lam prefix, for example: مَرَرتُ بأفضَلِ العُلماءِ.

Indeclinable Words

196. What is an indeclinable word and what are its signs?

197. How many types of indeclinable words are there?

198. Which nouns are necessarily indeclinable?

199. How many types of nouns are there that are indeclinable for a reason?

200. What are intended vocatives indeclinable on?

201. What is the subject of a lā that denies a whole genius indeclinable on?

202. What are compound numbers indeclinable on?

203. What are the six directions indeclinable on?

204. What verbs are necessarily indeclinable?

205. What are preterite tense verbs indeclinable on?

206. What are imperative verbs indeclinable on?

207. What verbs are there that are indeclinable for a reason?

208. Are the signs of indeclinable words ever implied?

196. An indeclinable word is a word whose end does not change no matter where it is in the sentence, for example: مَن رأیتَ. It has four signs: a dummah, fathah, kasrah, and sakūn. The dummah and kasrah are specific to nouns, for example: حَیثُ , and prepositions, for example: مُنذُ. The fathah and sakūn are seen both in nouns, for example: أینَ , verbs, for example: قامَ, and prepositions, for example: لَیتَ.

197. There are two types of indeclinable words: necessary indeclinable words, which are indeclinable in every state and words that are indeclinable for a reason which will be made declinable when the reason disappears.

198. The nouns which are necessarily indeclinable are: personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, conjuncts, conditional nouns, interrogative nouns, some metonymies, some adverbial nouns of time and place, verbal nouns, and sounds.

199. There are four types of nouns which become indeclinable for a reason: First; intended vocatives, second; the subject of a lā that denies a whole genius, third; compound numbers, and fourth; the six directions and similar words.

200. If an implied vocative is singular it will become indeclinable on a vocalized dummah, for example: یا رجلُ or an implied dummah, for example: یا فتیَ. If it is in the dual form it becomes indeclinable on an alif, for example: یا مُؤمنانِ. If it is a masculine sound plural it becomes indeclinable on a wāw, for example: یا مؤمنونَ.

201. If the subject of a lā that denies a whole genius is indefinite and singular (not a compliment to a prefixed noun or similar to a compliment to a prefixed noun) it is always made indeclinable on a fathah, for example: یا رَجُلَ في الدَّارِ. If it is in the dual form or a masculine sound plural it is made indeclinable on a yā', for example: لا عالِمَینِ و لا عالِمِینَ في المدینة.

202. If the compound number is inbetween 11 and 19, excluding 12, both of its parts are made indeclinable on a fathah, for example: جاءنی خمسَةَ عَشَرَ رَجُلاً.

203. The six directions, which are:، تحتُ ، یمینُ ، شمالُ ، خلفُ و قُدَّامُ فوقُ and whatever else has their meanings, for example: قَبلُ ، بَعدُ ، أولُ ، دونُ ، و حسبُ, are all made indeclinable on a dummah.

204. Verbs that are necessarily indeclinable are the preterite tense and the imperative.

205. The preterite tense is made indeclinable on a fathah. Hence, it is correct to say that if a plural wāw or nominative pronoun is added to it, it would have an implied fathah due to the vowel sign in congruence with the wāw in the first case and the sakūn in the second.

206. An imperative is made indeclinable on a sakūn if the feminine nūn is added to it, for example: اِحفَظنَ or its last letter is sound and there is nothing added to it, for example: اِحفَظ. It is made indeclinable by erasing its last letter if it is weak and nothing is added to it, for example: اُدنُ. It is made indeclinable by erasing the nūn if it is connected to the dual alif, the plural wāw, or the second person yā', for example: اِحفظا. It is made indeclinable on a fathah if it is connected to a nūn of emphasis, for example: اِحفَظَنَّ.

207. The verbs which are made indeclinable for a reason are the aorist tense verb and no other. It is made indeclinable on a sakūn if the feminine nūn is added to it, for example: یَذهَبنَ. It is made indeclinable on a fathah if a nūn of emphasis is added to it, for example: لِیَحفَظَنَّ. If the aorist tense verb is not in these two cases then it is declinable.

208. Indeclinable signs are implied just like declinable signs are, either because another sign takes its place or because there is a reason that it cannot be mentioned, for example in vocatives, whether they be indeclinable before the vocation (یا حِذامِ) or declinable before it (یا یحییَ), or in aorist tense verbs ending in an alif (دَعا), or the subject of a lā that denies a whole genius (لا فتیَ هُنا).

Pronouns

209. What is a pronoun?

210. How many types of pronouns are there?

211. How many separated pronouns are there in relation to their case?

212. How many connected pronouns are there in relation to their designated case?

209. A pronoun is a word that takes the place of an apparent meaning, for example: هُوَ which takes the place of whoever it is referring to.

210. There are two types of pronouns: separated pronouns which are either inchoatives or are mentioned after إلا, for example: هوَ نائمٌ و ما نائمٌ إلا هو, or connected pronouns which are like a part of the word that comes before them, for example: الهاء in رَحِمَهُ.

211. There are two types of separated pronouns in relation to their case: nominative (هو ، هما ، هم ، هي ، هما ، هنَّ ، أنت ، أنتما ، أنتم ، أنت ، أنتما ، أنتنَّ ، أنا ، نحن) and accusative (إیّاه ، إیّاهما ، إیّاهم ، إیّاها ، إیّاهما ، إیّاهنَّ ، إیّاهک ، إیّاهکما ، إیّاهکم ، إیّاهک ، إیّاکما ، إیّآهکنَّ ، إیّاهي ، إیّاهنا ).

212. There are three types of connected pronouns in relation to their designated case: those who are only nominative (alif, wāw, nūn, yā' and tā'), for example: قاموا, those that are either accusative or genitive (the first person yā', the second person kāf, and the third person hā'), for example: أکرَمَکَ سیَّدک, and those that come in the nominative, accusative, and genitive cases which is the نا, for example: ربَّنا إنَّنا سمعنا .

Demonstrative Pronouns

213. What is a demonstrative pronoun?

214. How many types of demonstrative pronouns are there?

215. What are the demonstrative pronouns that are exclusive to places?

213. A demonstrative pronoun is that which denotes a specific thing by pointing to it.

214. There are three types of demonstrative pronouns: close, medium distance, and far. Refer to the second volume for the list of these pronouns. The hā' is added to the close demonstrative pronouns in all cases, for example: هذا and to the feminine singular medium distance demonstrative pronoun, for example: هاتیک.

215. There are four demonstrative pronouns that are exclusive to places: هنا (close), هناک (medium distance), andهنالِک و ثَمَّ (far).

Conjuncts

216. What is a conjunct?

217. How many types of conjuncts are there?

218. What is the difference between a specific conjunct and a common one?

219. What are the specific conjuncts?

220. What are the common conjuncts?

221. What are the rulings for man and mā?

222. What are the rulings for dhā?

223. What are the rulings for ay?

216. A conjunct is that whose meaning is not complete except by the sentence mentioned after it called a relative clause.

217. There are two types of conjuncts: specific and common.

218. Specific conjuncts become masculine and feminine and dual and plural unlike common conjuncts that remain in one form in all cases.

219. The specific conjuncts are:

• Masculine:

1. الّذی (single)

3. اللّذانِ اللّذَینِ (dual)

5. اللّذِینَ (plural)

• Feminine:

1. الّتی (single)

3. اللّتانِ اللّّتَینِ (dual)

5. اللّواتی اللاتی اللائی (plural)

220. The common conjuncts are: من ، من ، ذا ، هي.

221. Man is used for beings with intellect, for example: اِقبَل عُذرَ مَنِ اعتذرَ إلیکَ and mā is used for beings without intellect, for example: اِغفِر لنا ما فَرَطَ مِنَّا.

222. Dhā is used for beings with and without intellect and it condition is that it comes after an interrogative man or mā, not alluding to it or compounded with it, for example: ماذا فعلتَ؟

223. Ay is for beings with and without intellect and is different from all other conjuncts in that it is always dynamic, for example:یسرُّني أیُّهم هو قادمٌ, except if the pronoun that comes at the beginning of the relative clause is erased, in this case it is indeclinable on a dummah, for example:یسرُّني أیُّهم قادمٌ.

The Relative Clause

224. What do conjuncts need?

225. What is a relative clause composed of?

226. Does the pronoun referring back to the common conjunct have to follow it?

224. A conjunct needs a relative clause after it to complete its meaning. The conditions of the relative clause are that it be a statement, for example:حضر الذي کان غائباً, or an incomplete sentence (and adverbial or conjunctional clause), for example:عرفتُ الذي عند القوم. All adverbial and conjunctional clauses are connected to a word meaning present or is which has been erased from the sentence.

225. The relative clause must have a pronoun which refers to the conjunct and follows it in number and gender.

226. Common conjuncts allow the pronoun in the relative clause to either follow it, itself, so they would always be singular and masculine, or to follow its meaning, for example:رأیتُ من النساءِ مَن تَجَمَّلنَ بالحِکمَة.

Conditional Nouns

227. How many conditional nouns are there?

228. How many types of conditional nouns are there?

227. There are eleven conditional nouns: من ، ما ، مهما ، إذما ، متی ، أیّان ، أین ، حیثما ، کیفما و أيّ .

228. There are two types of conditional nouns: adverbial nouns of time and place and non-adverbial nouns. The adverbial nouns of time are متی ، أیَّان و إذما . The adverbial nouns of place are أین ، أنّی و حیثما. The non-adverbial nouns are: مَن (for beings with intelligence), ما و مهما (for beings without intelligence), and أيّ و کیفما.

Interrogative Nounds

229. How many interrogative nouns are there?

230. What are man and mā exclusive to?

231. What are mata and ayyān used for?

232. What do ayn, kayf, and anna mean?

233. What does kam mean?

234. What is ay prefixed to?

229. There are eleven interrogative nouns:مَن ، ما ، مَن ذا ، ماذا ، متیَ ، أیّان ، أین ، کیف ، أنّیَ ، کم ، و أيّ.

230. مَن is exclusive to beings with intellects, for example: مَن فَعَلَ هذا؟, and ما is exclusive to beings without intellects, for example:ما فعلتَ؟ .

231. متیَ and أیّان are used in asking about time, but أیّان only asks about the future, for example: أیّان تَرجع؟.

232. أین is an adverbian noun which asks about a place that something is and if the preposition مِن is added to it, it asks about a place where something is from, for example:مِن أینَ قَدِمتَ؟ .

233. کم means how many, for example:کم دِرهماً عِندکَ؟ .

234. أيّ is prefixed to indefinate words, for example: أيّ کتابٍ عِندکَ؟, or definite words, for example: أيّ الکتابَینِ عِندک؟ .

Metonymy

235. What is metonymy?

236. What are kam, k'ayyin, and k'ayy metonyms for?

237. What is kadha a metonym for?

235. Metonymy is referring to a specific thing with a word that does not specifically indicate it. There are three words used for metonymy:کم ، کأیِّن و کذا .

236. کم and کأیِّن are metonyms for numbers only, for example:کم کتاباً عِندک؟ .

237. کذا is a metonym for numbers, actions, and words and is usaully repeated, for example:عِندي کذا و کذا کِتاباً.

Adverbial Nounds

238. What is an adverbial noun?

239. How many kinds of adverbial nous are there?

240. How many kinds of declinable adverbial nouns?

241. How many kinds of adverbial nouns of time are there?

242. How many kind s of adverbial nouns of place are there?

243. How many indeclinable adverbial nouns are there?

244. What are the rulings of haythu, ladun, and laday?

245. What are the rulings of idh?

246. What are the rulings of ams?

247. What are the rulings of mudh and mundh?

248. What are the rulings of qat, limā, and alān?

249. What are the rulings of anna, ayyān, and mata?

238. An adverbial noun is that which takes the meaning of 'in' in places, for example:حیث and in time, for example:مَتیَ .

239. There are two types of adverbial nouns: declinable and indeclinable.

240. There are two types of declinable adverbial nouns: adverbial nouns of place and adverbial nouns of time.

241. There are three types of adverbial nouns of time: unspecific, which denotes an unspecific time period, for example:حین , specific, which denotes a specific time period, for example:یومُ الجُمُعة , and numerical, for example:ثَلاثةُ أیَّام .

242. There are two types of adverbial nouns of place: unspecific, as in the six directions and the likes, for example:فَوق , and limited, for example:البَیت .

243. There are sixteen indeclinable adverbial nouns: six for place (حیثُ ، لَدُن ، لَدیَ ، أینَ ، هُنا و ثَمَّ ), nine for time (إذ ، أمس ، مُذ ، مُنذُ ، قطّ ، لمّا ، أیّان ، متیَ و الآن), and one for both time and place (أنَّیَ).

244. حیثُ is not prefixed to anything except a sentence, for example:تاجِر حَیثُ أخوکَ مُقیمٌ . لَدُن and لَدیَ puts the noun that compliments them when they are prefixed into the genitive case, for example:جَلَستُ لدیَ الصّدیق .

245. إذ usually is prefixed to: a preterit tense verb, for example:إذ جِئتُم جِئنا , to a nominal sentence, for example:إذ هُوَ في البَیتِ , or to a aorist tense verb, for example:إذ یَقولُ لِصاحِبِه لا تَحزَن إنَّ اللهَ مَعَنا.

246. If أمس is intended to mean the day before it is given a kasrah, for example: أمس الدَّابرُ لا یعود, and if it is intended to mean a few days before, an alif and lām is added to it, or is prefixed it is given the normal vowel signs, for example: کُلُّ یومٍ یصیرُ أمساً.

247. مُذ and مُنذُ are sometimes prefixed to a singular noun, for example: ما رأیتُهُ مُذ یوم الأحد and sometimes to a sentence, for example:ما صادفتُهُ مُنذُ تَفارَقنا.

248. قطّ is an adverbial noun to emphasize the preterit tense in time and does not come expect after a negative preterit tense verb, for example:ما فَعَلتُ هذا قَطٌّ . لمّاis only prefixed to a sentence in the preterit tense, for example:مّا تلاقیا اتَّفقا . الآن is an adverbial noun for the present.

249. أنَّیَ is an adverbial noun of place meaning أینَ, for example:أنَّیَ تجلِس أجلِس , or meaning from where, for example:أنَّیَ لکَ هذا , or is an adverbial meaning of time, for example:أنَّیَ جِئتَ . أیَّان و متی are adverbial nouns of time.

Verbal Nouns

250. What is a verbal noun?

251. How many types of verbal nouns are there in regards to time?

252. What are the rulings of verbal nouns?

250. A verbal noun is a word which represents a verb in meaning and action, is not effected by any factor, and the objective compliment cannot come before it.

251. There are three types of verbal nouns in regards to time: those that represent the preterit tense, for example:سرعان which is derived from أسرَعَ, those that represent the aorist tense, for example:وا which is means اتلهّف, and those that represent the imperative, for example:هَیَّا which means أسرِع.

252. The rulings of verbal nouns are that they remain in one state with regards to number and gender except if the second person kāf is added to it, in which case they become conjugational, for example:علیکَ و علیکِ.

Cardinal Numbers

253. What is a number?

254. How many foundational cardinal numbers are there?

255. What are the rulings of single numbers with the masculine or feminine word they are numbering?

256. What is the ruling of a compound number with the word it is numbering?

257. Are compound numbers declinable or indeclinable?

258. What are the rulings of decimal and coupled numbers?

259. What is the ruling of the word that comes after a number?

260. What is the case of a numbered word?

253. A number indicates the amount of the numbered thing; cardinal, or the order of it; ordinal.

254. There are four types of cardinal numbers: singular, with are one to ten, a hundred and a thousand, compound, which are eleven to nineteen, decimal, which are twenty to ninety by tens, and coupled which are twenty one to ninety nine (not including the decimals).

255. Singular cardinal numbers: when between three and ten accept the feminine tā' when the numbered object is masculine and do not accept it when the numbered object is feminine, for example:ثلاثةُ رجالٍ و ثلاثُ فَتیَاتٍ, the numbers one and two are masculine with a masculine numbered object and feminine with a feminine, for example: رجلٌ واحدٌ و امرأتانِ اثنتانِ, the numbers one hundred and a thousand are the same when the numbered object is masculine or feminine, for example: مائة صبيٍ و ألف قتاةٍ.

256. Compound numbers: with a masculine numbered object - the first part is feminine and the second masculine, for example: ثلاثةَ عَشَرَ رجلاً, with a feminine numbered object - the first part is masculine and the second feminine, for example: ثلاثَ عَشرة امرأةً. Eleven and twelve are exceptions; they are masculine with a masculine numbered object and feminine with a feminine, for example: اثنا عَشَرَ رجلاً.

257. Both parts of a compound number are indeclinable with a fathah except the number eleven and twelve, whose first part is declinable as a dual form whose nūn is erased when prefixed and its second part is indeclinable, for example:عِندي اثنا عَشَرَ قلماً و اثنتا عَشرَةَ دَواةً. There are two points to pay attention to: One, the shīn of the number ten (feminine form) has a fathah when it is singular and a sakūn when it is in a compound number. Two, the shīn of the number ten (masculine form) has a sakūn when it is singular and a fathah when it is in a compound number.

258. Decimal numbers remain in the same form when used with a masculine or feminine numbered word, for example:عِشرونَ رجلاً و عِشرونَ امرأةً. The first part of coupled numbers becomes masculine and feminine like singular numbers and the second part is the same with masculine or feminine numbered words like decimal numbers.

259. There are two cases for the noun that comes after a number: genitive, in the plural form between the numbers three and ten, for example:أربعة رجالٍ, or in the singular form with the numbers one hundred and one thousand, for example:مائة رجلٍ, or accusative in the singular form between the numbers eleven and ninety nine, for example: خمسة عَشَرَ قَلماً.

260. The numbered word is always singular except if it is in the genitive case after a number between three and ten, where in this case it is plural, as you have seen.

Ordinal Numbers

261. What is an ordinal number?

262. How many ordinal numbers are there?

263. How many types of ordinal numbers are there?

264. What is the ruling of ordinal numbers?

261. An ordinal number indicates the order of things.

262. The ordinal numbers are:أوّل ، ثانٍ ، رابعٌ ، خامسٌ ، سادسٌ ، سابعٌ ، ثامنٌ ، تاسعٌ ، عاشرٌ ، مائةٌ ، ألفٌ.

263. There are four types of ordinal numbers: singular, from first to tenth, compound from eleventh to nineteenth, coupled, from twenty-first to ninety-ninth, and decimal numbers, from twentieth to ninetieth, and a hundredth and a thousandth follow these as well (in cardinal numbers these two numbers followed the singular numbers).

264. Ordinal numbers are in congruence with the numbered word in masculinity and femininity, except decimal numbers; for they stay in one form. Compound ordinal numbers are like compound cardinal numbers in that both their parts are indeclinable on a fathah

Topic Tags:

- Arabic grammar [6]

- Arabic language structure [7]

Author(s):

- Rashid Al-Shartuni [3]

Translator(s):

- Hamid Hussein Waqar [4]

Category:

- Qur’anic Sciences [5]

Source URL: https://www.al-islam.org/elementary-arabic-morphology-3-rashid-al-shartuni

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[3] https://www.al-islam.org/person/rashid-al-shartuni
[4] https://www.al-islam.org/person/hamid-hussein-waqar
[5] https://www.al-islam.org/library/quranic-sciences
[6] https://www.al-islam.org/tags/arabic-grammar
[7] https://www.al-islam.org/tags/arabic-language-structure
[8] http://www.lulu.com/content/paperback-book/elementary-arabic-morphology-3/803224