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If you realize during the Salah that you forgot to recite Tashahhud, your Salah is valid but you need to recite the Tashahhud immediately after Salah before saying any word.

If you realised that mistake after doing something else, your Salah is valid.

Tashahhud is obligatory but it is not Rokn. Rokn is the most important obligatory with out which Salah is invalid. Forgetting Tashahhud does not invalidate the Salah.

Wassalam.

Tashahhud has obligatory part and recommended parts which can be added on the obligatory part. The obligatory part in Tashahhud is: ASHHADU ANLA ELAAHA ILLALLAH WAHDAHU LA SHAREEKA LAH WA ASHHADU ANNA MUHAMMADAN ABDOHU WA RASOOLUH ALLAHUMMA SALLI 'ALA MUHAMMAD WA AALI MUHAMMAD.

أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وحده لا شريك له وأشهد أنّ محمدا عبده ورسوله اللهم صل على محمد وال محمد 

The recommended parts are many e.g. BISMILLAH WA BILLAH WAL HAMDULILLAH WAL ASMAA'UL HUSNA LILLAH ASHHADU ANLA ELAAHA ILLAHLLAH WAHDAHU LA SHAREEKA LAH WA ASHHADU ANNA MUHAMMADAN 'ABDOHU WA RASOOLUH ALLAHUMMA SALLI 'ALA MUHAMMAD WA AALI MUHAMMAD WA TAQABBAL SHAFA'ATAHU WARFARIN DARAJATAH.

Wassalam.

Yes it is allowed to say that as a Du'a. Every Du'a is permissible during Namaz.

Wassalam.

Bismillah

Thank you for your question. In this situation (if you are not sure if you have prayed 2 or 3 rakats), if you are not someone who doubts too much, you would have to pray the fajr prayer gain.

May you always be successful.