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It is Not true. No marriage took place between Umar and daughter of Imam Ali (AS). Fabricated narrations in this regard have been refuted by authentic evidence. Allama Nassir Husain son of Allama Haamid Husain has written a full book ( إفحام الأعداء والخصوم) in which he has mentioned authentic evidence that the whole story of the claimed marriage was fabricated by the enemies of Ahlul Bayt then mentioned by Ibn Sa'd in his book al-Tabaqaat. Ibn Sa'd was pro Umayyad rulers.

'Wassalam.

Yes, Imam Ali (AS) was always accompanying the Prophet Muhammad (SAWA) including when going to Hiraa' cave and he used to pray and worship Allah when the Prophet was worshiping Allah. Even during the revelation Ali (AS) was with the Prophet but he was not a Prophet. The Prophet told Ali: Surely, you hear what I hear and see what I say but you are not a Prophet, you are my successor  إنك تسمع ما أسمع وترى ٬ما أرى  (لكنك لست بنبي وإنما أنت 

 وزير 

Nahjul Balaghah, sermon 192.
 

Wassalam.

The shrine of Sakina is in Dariyya near Damascus. It has been reconstructed recently by Allama Sayyed Ahmad al-Wahedi  who has compiled number of narrations supporting that Sakina was a daughter of Imam Ali (AS) and Fatima (AS) including:

1. A narration in Mustadrak Safeenatul Bihar by al-Namazi, vol.5 , p.90 in which imam Zainul Abideen (AS) narrated from Sakina about the greatness of Fatimah (AS).

2. In Amaali al-Tousi a narration from Imam Husain (AS) mentioning Sakina his my sister (Wasa'il al-Shia by al-Hurr al-'Aamili , v. 14, p.168).

3. In Biharul Anwaar (v.45, p.104), a narration that Ameerul Mo'mineen (AS) called all his children by their names to say fair well to their mother Fatimah (AS) before her burial and mentioned Sakina among them. 
Wassalam.

Bismihi ta'ala

Please refer to our previous answer on this topic. 

With prayers for your success.