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If the criminal gets his Islamic punishment in this life, no punishment will be on him in the Day of Judgment for that crime. 

If the criminal repents and compensates the victim and seeks forgiveness from hem and from Allah (SW), Allah is The Most Merciful and Best Forgiver.

Wassalam.

Nahj al-Balagha is an excellent source for understanding what the dunya is for human beings. What the dunya is depends upon how you see it and what you do here.

The dunya is the womb for the soul - just as the foetus needs the womb of the mother to grow and when it has outgrown the womb it comes out into this world - the  soul requires this world to grow and when it has outgrown this world it moves on in its journey to eternal life. Unfortunately not all souls outgrow this world but the body becomes weak through illness or old age and so can no longer hold onto the soul and do the soul leaves not having reached is potential. 

Salamun alaykum

Peoples' rank may be elevated in Barzakh, however, not due to any voluntary act they perform there since the book for their actions is closed. It may be elevated because of some good work that they have left behind and the effects of it reaches them after their death, or due to charities or acts done on their behalf by their friends or relatives. There may also be other causes like breezes of mercy coming from the Lord every now and then.