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Bismihi ta'āla

You must follow what your specialist doctor advises. If they have said you are not allowed to fast, as it will make your situation more severe, and your health will deteriorate, then you must not fast.

If you know for a fact that you can fast, and you can manage your situation, like sleeping during most of the day, and taking your medication at night, and it wont harm you, then do so.

If you need to get the surgery done, then also pursue that as well. 

If you are not going to fast, then the compensation is to pay  'fidyah', which is 750grams of food to the poor, for each day.

And Allah knows best

There isn't a fixed difference between Sunnis and Shi'is for determining the beginning of the month of Ramadan. However, many Sunnis follow the announcement from Saudi Arabia for the beginning of the month of Ramadan. Unfortunately, sometimes, Saudia Arabia announces the sighting of the moon at a time when it is astronomically impossible to see it. (One can verify this using astronomical software) 

Most Shi'is follow local moonsighting (or via a shared horizon; either via the naked eye, as per Ayatollah Sistani, or with the help of an optical aid, such as Ayatollah Khamene'i). Some Sunnis do this also. 

Where one is in the world also affects differences in determining the beginning of the month. (You can visit moonsighting.com to see graphs of where the moon is visible and when.)

Anyway it is fine to fast on the last day or days of the month of Sha'ban, but counting the days of the month of Ramadan is useful for observing laylat al-qadr.

Fasting starts from Fajr and ends on Maghrib.

Wassalam,

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