Zaid Alsalami

Bismihi ta'ala

No, this has no validity. 

After having agreed on a nuptial-gift (mahr/sedaq), the female must verbally initiate the formula for marriage, and the male must accept. They can allocate agents to represent them as well, but it must still be done in this way. 

For futher details, read:

https://www.sheikh-alsalami.org.au/2017/10/23/islamic-marriage/

And Allah knows best.

Bismihi ta'ala

This is a Qur`anic law that all Muslims must believe in, every sect, that it is permissible, with its required conditions.

And Allah knows best

Bismihi ta'ala

Yes, it is permissible to do so. Of course, it is recommended to recite supplications that have been transferred to us from Ahlul Bayt (a.s.), but at times if you want to just pray to Almighty God, and converse with Him, etc, then you can do so in any language. 

And Allah knows best.

Bismihi ta'ala

It is counted from the end and outside border of the city you live in.

And Allah knows best

Bismihi ta'ala

Yes, there is no problem in that.

And Allah knows best

Bismihi ta'ala

Yes, and we call it tahajjud, or Salat al-Layl / Namaz-e-Shab. 

Tahajjud means to abandon sleep and pray. It consists of 11 rak'ahs. 8 rak'ahs (4×2) nafilah prayer, and then 2 rak'ah shaf' prayer, and 1 rak'ah witr prayer. 

With prayers for your success. 

Bismihi ta'ala

Yes, it is permissible to do so.

And Allah knows best

Bismihi ta'ala

If she meets the rights requirements of what Islam wants you to look for in a spouse, and there is compatibility between the two of you, and family members are all ok, you should marry her. 

Yes, she went through a divorce, but it should not make her any less desirable for you to marry. She could have gone through a test in her life, and as long as she carries the religious values and akhlaq you should looking for, then that is very good.

And Allah knows best

Bismihi ta'ala

There would be no shar'i objections to doing such a thing.

And Allah knows best

Bismihi ta'ala

From a shar'i perspective, you do not need consent from your father, but I would advice you against engaging in mut'ah, and focus on recovering from the previous relationship, and hopefully finding new marriage. 

As a society, one who engages in such things becomes less wanted for marriage, and our Islamic values require that we stay chaste and modest, aiming at building a family. 

Also, although shar'i wise, you do not need your father's consent, but ethically, morally and socially, involving family in these things is definitely important. 

And Allah knows best

Bismihi ta'ala

From a shar'i perspective, it would depend on if she meets the requirements for a shar'i legitimate marriage. 

However, this approach such a husband takes is definitely inappropriate and morally wrong, especially among all things breaking a promise. 

If the husband is that uncomfortable in his first marriage, he should not drag her into the humiliation of lies and deception to fulfill his needs, and should be honest and straightforward with her. 

And Allah knows best

Bismihi ta'ala

Khums is a wajib duty applied to every mukallaf. Once you reach the age of taklif, you are independently responsible for your wajibaat. If you  meet the requirements of khums, then you must pay it, regardless of whether you are financially dependent on someone else or not. 

As for gifts, you will need to refer to your Marja' taqleed, to see if according to him, khums is applicable on gifts. According to A.U. Sistani, it is. 

So, if your khums day comes, and you have yet to use that gift, or you have savings, then you need to pay its khums. 

And Allah knows best.