Prostration (sujud)

It is Not necessary to perform Sajda Sahw for just not following Tajweed rules in Salah. You should recite as much as you can as in Qira'ah and as in Tajweed.

Wassalam..

It depends in what he can do and he can not do. He is responsible to do everything which he can in his Salah, like standing (Qiyaam). If he is unable to do Rukoo’ or Sojood, then he sit in a chair and do whatever he can. While sitting in a chair, Sojood is on a table in front of him, or he can take the Turbah (Mohr) in his hand and put his forehead on it.

Wassalam.

Making Du’a for someone during Salah or Sujood can be in your own language and not necessarily in Arabic. Your Prayer is valid as far as you seek from Allah (SWT) and don’t talk to people.

Wassalam.

Yes it is permissible to do that and it does not harm your Prayer at all.

Wassalam.

It depends on the mistake. If the mistake was unintentional and does not involve basic obligatory acts of Salah, then Salah is valid. If write clearly what was the situation, the reply will be more clear.

Wassalam 

Wassalam.

It is recommended for the followers of Ahlul Bayt (AS) to pray in any Masjid with any Muslim sect. This does not mean to pray like them even if the act is wrong according to authentic evidence, Folding hands in Salah was never done nor approved by the Prophet Muhammad (SAWA). Maliki Sunni sect do not fold their hands in Salah. None of Sunni Imams claimed that folding hands in Salah is Wajib or Fardh. Authentic evidence says that we should never fold our hands in Salah even when we pray with non Shia Muslims. Taqiyya situation is different when you feel a risk or danger on you, then you can pray like them to save yourself or other believers.

Same situation is regarding Sujood on the carpet which is against the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (SAWA). In Bukhari, the Hadeeth from the Prophet : Earth was made for me as a place of propstration, and as a place of purification (Tayammum).

Wassalam.

Usually, we lift our face first then our hands. You can chose what suits you.
'Wassalam.

Yes it is permissible to perform Sujood by touching the forehead with out touching the nose on the ground, but it is recommended to touch the nose on the ground while performing Sujood.

Wassalam.

Praying in the Masjid and with Jamaa’ah (congregation) has greater reward than praying alone at home. This is in the obligatory Prayers, but performing recommended Prayers at home is much better than in the Masjid. While you perform recommended Prayers at home, you will have full chance to do long Sojood and recite long Du’a. So, kerfirn your obligatory Prayers in the Masjid and your recommended Prayers and supplication and worshipping at your home.

Wassalam.

Obligatory Sajda (prostration) must be done properly on the ground. Recommended prostration can be done in walking or walking  positions.

Wassalam.