A. From The School Of The Caliphs

Let us examine two traditions from this School.

In Arabic or Persian, just as in any language, when a word is used to denote the meaning for which it was originally contrived, the usage is called actual. When we say: “the hands of a thief were chopped,” the word “hands” in this case has been used in its actual sense. But when a word is used as a figure of speech in which it is transferred to something it does not literally apply to, it is called figurative or metaphorical.

The Christian and the Jewish beliefs, especially the Jewish culture, spread among the Muslims in two ways: firstly, through the efforts of the Christians and the Jews themselves, and secondly through certain Muslims.Let us examine these two in detail.

Allamah Syed Murtadha Askari is a recognised Shi’a scholar whose works in Islamic history, comparative studies of various sects within the fold of Islam and philosophy have left an indelible mark.To his credit stand the monumental books like “Abdullah Ibn Saba,” “The 150 fictitious companions of the Prophet (S)” and the “Characteristic traits of the two (Islamic) Schools.” Some of his original analysis and scientific investigations in the field of Islamic history have demolished the hitherto accepted notions and ideas, creating an unprecedented furore among the rigid and orthodox pedants of

The Legacy lives on……Jab tak mai’ jiu’, kihdmate qaum karta rahu’ mai’,Maut aa’e to ya rab, esi khidmat me maru’ mai’.Marhum Mulla Asghar has left an unforgettable mark on the entire Shii Community in this era. A multifaceted person of this caliber, with such an impact, only emerges but once in a lifetime.

1. Ahmadi Mianji, Ali, “Makatib-ar-Rasul,” Qum, 'Al-Ilmiya press, 1338.

2. Pirnia, Hassan, “Ancient Iran,”, Vol. 2, Tehran, Donyaye-Ketab, 1362.

3. Tho'alabi, Abu Mansur, “Shahnameh”, translated by Mahmoud Hedayat, Tehran, Majliss Press, 1'328.

4. Georgi Zeydan, “History of Islamic Civilisation”, translated by Ali Javaher Kalam, Tehran, Amir Kabir, 1352.

5. Hamidullah, Muhammad, “Watha'iq”, translated by Mahmoud Mahdavi Damghani, Tehran, Printed and published by Bunyad, 1365.

• Conclusions

• Principal Factors For The Movement's Success

a) Unshakable Faith

b) Competence And Efficiency

c) Decisiveness

d) Peculiarities Of Prevailing Political Environment

e) Decisive Response

f) As A Herald Of Freedom

g) Filling The Existing Socio-Political Vacuum

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• General Conditions

• Re-Discovery Of Abyssinia

• Abyssinia Before The Birth Of Islam

• The Story Of Abraha

• The Episode Of ‘Am Ul-Feel

• Migration To Abyssinia

• Questions And Answers

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Following the study of the close neighbours of Arabia, namely Iran and Egypt, our discussion turns to Abyssinia which has an important role in the history of Islam in comparison with other neighbours.

• Civilisation

• Laws, Traditions And Religion

• Government In Ancient Egypt

• Questions And Answers

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• Ancient Iran

• Geographical Situation

• Civilisation

• Class Structure And Social Divisions

• Progress In Learning

• Religion In The Achaemenid Period

• Iran In The Sassanid Period

• Supremacy Of Religion And Political Power

• Zoroastrianism As The State Religion

• The Administration Of The State

• Social Class Structure