These ten Companions of the Prophet (s) are called the ‘ashra mubashshara'. Although there are some minor variations in the Islamic sources, here is one narration that identifies those 10 individuals.

Thank you for your question. As long as the darkness is not due to any barrier between the turbah and the forehead you can prostrate on it. Usually, the darkness is due to water or swear and so the darkness is just discolouration of the clay rather than a barrier.

May you always be successful

Thank you for your question. Yes, he can. 

May you always be successful.

Thank you for your question. This is an unfortunate misconception. There is nobody or nothing that is equal to God. He possesses every beautiful Attribute and cannot be fathomed by the intellect or described by words. The Shia believe this and so if they ask for help from the Imams (as) it is in the same way that the sons of Ya'qub asked Ya'qub (as) to seek forgiveness for them after they realized their mistake in dealing with Prophet Yusuf (as) (see Qur'an, 12:97) where Allah quotes the sons as saying to their father:

"O our father, ask for us forgiveness of our sins...".

Thank you for your question. Prawns are halal. Below is a quote from the book Jurisprudence made Easy by Ayatullah Sistani:

Among marine animals and amphibians that are haraam to eat are cat fish, tortoise, frog, and lobster.
* What about prawns?
- They are halal to eat, for scales cover their skin.

May you always be successful

Thank you for your question. The answer may vary depending on which Jurist you follow but here are a couple of verdicts of Ayatullah Sistani according to his book Code of Practice for Muslims in the West:

Question: Some Western governments allow the daughter to be independent of her parents, after she has passed the age of sixteen. If she seeks her parents advice, it is only for seeking their opinion or out of respect for them. Is such a virgin girl allowed to marry, be it permanent or a temporary marriage, without the consent of her father?