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Nahjul Balagha is a collection of sayings, sermons and letters of Ameerul Mo’mineen compiled by Al-Shareef Al-Radhi who was one of great scholars in the fifth century after Hijra.

‘Nahjul Balagha does not contain any praise to persons who disobeyed the Prophey especially those who stopped and prevented the Prophet from writing his last will. You can refer to Sunni books like Bukhari and read about this.

‘Wassalam.

The Qur'an does not express these negative ideas about women. Also, the Qur'an makes everyone responsible for their own acts (that is, men cannot blame women for their actions). It also conflicts the kind and respectful way that the Prophet (S) treated his womenfolk and female sahabah. Therefore, narrations which appear to contradict the Qur'an and Sunnah can be set aside.

This particular hadith is not in any strong source books - it appears to have been taken from Jami' al-Saghir by al-Suyuti (15th century, Egyptian, Sunni) - so it can be set aside as not having any evidence to support it as an authentic statement of the Prophet (S). 

As for where it came from, possibly someone said it as a reflection of the age-old tensions between men and women in life and it became attributed to the Prophet (S). These types of negative views about women and religion existed for a long time before Islam and could have come from there. 

 

Bismihi ta'ala

The expression used in this khutbah is:

 وَقَدْ نِلْتَ مَنْ صَهْرِهِ مَا لَمْ يَنَالاَ

and you also hold relationship to him by marriage which they do not hold.

There are different views regarding this, but what can most certainly be said is that the Prophet (s.a.w.) only had one living child, Seyyidah Fatimah al-Zahraa (a.s.). 

As for what this is referring to, the view is that 'Uthman was married to Ruqayah and Um Kulthum, the adopted or step-daughters of the Prophet (s.a.w.). The reason why I say adopted or step-daughters is that there is a strong view that Seyidah Khadijah (a.s.) was not married before the Prophet (s.a.w.), nor did she have any children. It is said they are the daughters of Seyidah Khadijah's sister Halah. 

Anyway, there are different opinions regarding this, and for further reading,  please visit this link [Arabic]:

https://hawzah.net/ar/Question/View/61641/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D9%8...

And Allah knows best.

تخفَّفوا تلحقوا means be light from the burdens of bad deeds and worldly useless matters, you will then overtake and reach to your goal of success in the Hereafter.

Wassalam.