Bismihi ta'ala

No, it is not makruh to swallow phlegm. 

And Allah knows best.

Bismihi ta'ala

We have abundant traditions that mention how Almighty God wishes to receive us in the next life, pure and chastised from our sins. One way this is done is by inflicting us with difficulties prior to our death, like a sickness. 

Traditions mention that being inflicted with a sickness prior to death is a form of purification and cleansing of our sins. 

It is for this reason, that one would be rewarded, and we should look at it in a positive way. 

As for being considered a "martyr" in the technical word, no, it would not be applied to someone who falls sick because of the virus. 

And Allah knows best. 

Bismihi ta'ala

Once you enter into the obligatory prayer, it becomes haram for you to break it. Unless of course there is something more wajib for you to do, like saving a life, or you missed out on one of the pillars of salat, or the other exemptions. 

As for the situation of having to go to the toilet, if one is able to hold on until their prayer is finished, then they should do so, and if not, due to fear of getting themselves najis, then they can go and relieve themselves. 

However, as is known, it is makruh to commence prayer in the first place while one is in need of going to the toilet, which is why one should first go to toilet, do wudhu and then pray.

And Allah knows best. 

Bismihi ta'ala

The grand scholar, Ayatullah al-Udhma Seyid Abu al-Qasim al-Khu`i (1317/1899 - 1412/1992 AH/CE) was one of the outstanding Shi'ah jurists between the sixties until the early nineties.

For a detailed biography on his life, please refer to:

https://www.al-khoei.org/grand-ayatollah-al-khoei/

As far as his teachers are concerned, he studied under the greatest of scholars of hist time. Among them were:

1. Sheikh Fathullah Esfahani, known as Sheikh al-Shari'ah.

2. Sheikh Mehdi al-Mazandarani.

3. Sheikh Dhiya' al-Din al-'Iraqi.

4. Sheikh Muhammad Husain al-Gharawi al-Kumpani. 

5. Sheikh Muhammad Husain al-Na'ini. 

And others. However, from what I have looked into, I have not come accross information stating that the late Seyid al-Khu`i studied under the late Seyid Abu al-Hasan al-Esfahani (1284/1867 - 1365/1946 AH/CE). 

As for some of the prominent students of Seyid Abu al-Hasan al-Esfahani, who are famously known, they are:

1. Seyid Mahmud al-Shahrudi.

2. Seyid Muhsin al-Hakim

3. Seyid Hadi al-Milani.

4. Mirza Hashim al-Amuli.

5. Allamah Tabatabai.

And others. 

And Allah knows best. 

Bismihi ta'ala

Although using what is referred to as "pirated" maybe illegal in some countries, due to violation of copyright laws, it does not necessarily mean it is haram to do, from a shar'i perspective. 

This would mean that there is no need for you to "repent" for such a thing. I would advice one observes caution, so as to not get legally in trouble, and follow the infringement laws of where you live. 

And Allah knows best. 

Bismihi ta'ala

In such a case, the normal discharge is tahir, and she is able to perform wudhu and pray.

In the case where there is a discharge mixed with blood, like istihadhah blood, then the rulings of istihadhah would be applied here.

And Allah knows best.

Bismihi ta'ala

There is no problem with wearing a mask during prayer, for male or female. 

And Allah knows best.