Sayyed Mohammad Al-Musawi

Abu Bakr Ibn Mohammad Ibn Amr Ibn Hazm Al-Ansari al-Khazraji was born in year 36 Hijri and died in year 120 Hijri. He was a companion of Ameerul Mo'mineen Ali (AS). He is been mentioned in many of our Shia books of Rijaal as well as Sunni books.

'Wassalam.

This is an authentic quote from Ameerul Mo'mineen Ali (AS) narrated from him in both Sunni and Shia books e.g. al-Kaafi 1:64

, Biharul  Anwaar, V.89, Page 99,

The well known Sunni book : Shawahid al-Tanzeel by Al-Hasakaani 1:43

The statement confirms the full knowledge of Ameerul Mo'mineen Ali (AS) about every verse in Quran.

Wassalam.

Studying any financial knowledge is permissible provided you don't indulge yourself in any unlawful deal like usury (RIBA).

Wassalam.

This hypothesis can't be true as the history of the Prophet Muhammad (SAWA) goes back to more than 1447 years. Even the history of the Arabia peninsula and Karbala and Jerusalem goes back to thousands of years.

Wassalam.

Tatbir and Qanazani are usually done in groups in public, and woman is required to observe full Hijab. I don't know about any Marja' permitting women to show her hair in front of non Mahram under any circumstance.

Wassalam.

Praying for forty believers during the Qunoot of Witr which is the last and single Rak'at in Night Prayer, is recommended but not obligatory. You can include any one whom you want even if you don't know their names as far as you remember them e,g, my teachers, my class mates, those who did good to me etc. You pray for their forgiveness ALLAHUMMA EGHFIR (O Allah, forgive).

Wassalam.

If you mean by shortening your Prayer performing it as Qasr, then it is obligatory to pray Qasr during traveling unless you reach to a place where you intend to stay less than ten days.

'If you mean by shortening your prayer, performing it with less recommended acts, then it should be clear that if your recommended worship clashes with your obligatory duties as a wife, then you should not ignore the obligatory for the sake of the recommended.

Wassalam.

Fulfilling the Nadhr نذر (vow) is compulsory. You must fulfill whatever you remember.

Wassalam.

Imam Husain (AS) never delayed the Salat even when he was in the mid of fighting in Karbala. We are supposed to follow Imam Husain (AS) not our own thoughts. We should plan the timings of the Majlis and Matam both to finish before the time of Salat.

Wassalam.

Yes, you Wudu is valid because small hair do not prevent water from reaching to your skin.

Wassalam.

Bad thoughts are from Shaitan. You try to avoid them as much as you can by seeking refuge of Allah أعوذ بالله من الشيطان الرجيم.

It is also helpful to recite لا إله إلا الله

أستغفر الله

اللهم صل على محمد وآل محمد 

Wassalam.

Buying an item which you need in your day to day work or life is allowed even if it was expensive as far as you can afford it from your lawful income. 
Wassalam.