In Shariah law, is it permissible to have an Islamic marriage and then have the civil marriage several years later due to distance and citizenship restrictions?
Yes it is permissible to delay legal registration of marriage for legal requirements although real marriage is the Islamic marriage and all the rights and duties start from the Islamic marriage.
Civil marriage after Islamic marriage has no value as far as Islamic rules are concerned. It just confirms the marriage in front of the government offices.
Wassalam.