Are the claims made by young boys in my mosque that Allah created women to only be mothers and that working will only make them miserable in accordance with Islamic teachings?
Bismihi ta'ala
Unfortunately, this is indeed a very misogynistic and degrading way to look at women. Women, like men, should be ambitious and pursue goals in life, but of course never at the cost of motherhood, which is a great an noble status.
Should a wife/mother be able to combine both, very good, but of course it needs a pious and patient husband as well. If she is not able to continue her studies, or work, for whatever reason, then she should not be looked down upon, nor is her status any lower in society.
This is a very long topic, but we have to understand that in today's society, women working in many cases is for more income, to cover costs of living, and in Islam, this is the duty of the husband, to provide for the family.
What these young boys must focus on is how they can become better believers, meeting the strict requirements of being a committed husband and good father in the future.
With prayers for your success.