I guess you are asking whether the Qur'an says this.

Breaking it down:

* Muslims tend to read the Qur'an as supporting the existence of outer space
* The Qur'an does not specify whether the earth is static or not (changing or unchanging). 
* The Qur'an does not specify that the earth is flat. See: https://www.al-islam.org/ask/does-the-quran-say-anything-to-suggest-that...
* I don't think that the mechanism of the production of light of the sun is clearly mentioned in the Qur'an. Some take the subtle phrasing of an ayah to refer to the reflection of sunlight from the moon, but this could be open to interpretation. 
* The Qur'an does not specifically say that the ocean is impenetrable.
* From an earthbound perspective, the sun and moon appear the same in size; however, even back in ancient Greece, it was understood that the sun is physically larger than the moon, so it isn't just a new idea that one is bigger than the other. In any case, the Qur'an does not directly mention the relative sizes of the sun and the moon.

To read more on scientific worldviews in the Qur'an, I'd suggest reading an in-depth tafsir of associated ayat. For instance, Tafsir al-Mizan is a good choice since the author had an interest in traditional astronomy. Also, The Study Qur'an contains a variety of views on ayat related to natural phenomena, as well as an essay on scientific tafsir of the Qur'an. 

If you have any specific questions about specific ayat, feel free to ask!