Where can I find books or articles that discuss the challenges faced by all the Prophets and the character traits they employed to overcome those challenges?
The best book on the challenges which were faced by the prophets and the character traits they employed face those challenges is Quran and the Hadeeths from the Prophet (SAWA) and Ahlul Bayt (AS). Try to carefully read Quran and authentic Hadeeths in Al-Kaafi, Al-Istibsar, al-Faqeeh and Al-Tahtheeb.
Wassalam.